Agent for text-to-SQL with automatic error correction

In this tutorial, we’ll see how to implement an agent that leverages SQL using smolagents.

What’s the advantage over a standard text-to-SQL pipeline?

A standard text-to-sql pipeline is brittle, since the generated SQL query can be incorrect. Even worse, the query could be incorrect, but not raise an error, instead giving some incorrect/useless outputs without raising an alarm.

👉 Instead, an agent system is able to critically inspect outputs and decide if the query needs to be changed or not, thus giving it a huge performance boost.

Let’s build this agent! 💪

Setup SQL tables

from sqlalchemy import (
    create_engine,
    MetaData,
    Table,
    Column,
    String,
    Integer,
    Float,
    insert,
    inspect,
    text,
)

engine = create_engine("sqlite:///:memory:")
metadata_obj = MetaData()

# create city SQL table
table_name = "receipts"
receipts = Table(
    table_name,
    metadata_obj,
    Column("receipt_id", Integer, primary_key=True),
    Column("customer_name", String(16), primary_key=True),
    Column("price", Float),
    Column("tip", Float),
)
metadata_obj.create_all(engine)

rows = [
    {"receipt_id": 1, "customer_name": "Alan Payne", "price": 12.06, "tip": 1.20},
    {"receipt_id": 2, "customer_name": "Alex Mason", "price": 23.86, "tip": 0.24},
    {"receipt_id": 3, "customer_name": "Woodrow Wilson", "price": 53.43, "tip": 5.43},
    {"receipt_id": 4, "customer_name": "Margaret James", "price": 21.11, "tip": 1.00},
]
for row in rows:
    stmt = insert(receipts).values(**row)
    with engine.begin() as connection:
        cursor = connection.execute(stmt)

Let’s check that our system works with a basic query:

>>> with engine.connect() as con:
...     rows = con.execute(text("""SELECT * from receipts"""))
...     for row in rows:
...         print(row)

(1, 'Alan Payne', 12.06, 1.2)
(2, 'Alex Mason', 23.86, 0.24)
(3, 'Woodrow Wilson', 53.43, 5.43)
(4, 'Margaret James', 21.11, 1.0)

Build our agent

Now let’s make our SQL table retrievable by a tool.

Our sql_engine tool needs the following: (read the documentation for more detail)

A docstring with an Args: part. This docstring will be parsed to become the tool’s description attribute, which will be used as the instruction manual for the LLM powering the agent, so it’s important to provide it!
Type hints for inputs and output.

from smolagents import tool


@tool
def sql_engine(query: str) -> str:
    """
    Allows you to perform SQL queries on the table. Returns a string representation of the result.
    The table is named 'receipts'. Its description is as follows:
        Columns:
        - receipt_id: INTEGER
        - customer_name: VARCHAR(16)
        - price: FLOAT
        - tip: FLOAT

    Args:
        query: The query to perform. This should be correct SQL.
    """
    output = ""
    with engine.connect() as con:
        rows = con.execute(text(query))
        for row in rows:
            output += "\n" + str(row)
    return output

Now let us create an agent that leverages this tool.

We use the CodeAgent, which is transformers.agents’ main agent class: an agent that writes actions in code and can iterate on previous output according to the ReAct framework.

The llm_engine is the LLM that powers the agent system. HfApiModel allows you to call LLMs using Hugging Face’s Inference API, either via Serverless or Dedicated endpoint, but you could also use any proprietary API: check out this other cookbook to learn how to adapt it.

from smolagents import CodeAgent, HfApiModel

agent = CodeAgent(
    tools=[sql_engine],
    model=HfApiModel("meta-llama/Meta-Llama-3-8B-Instruct"),
)

agent.run("Can you give me the name of the client who got the most expensive receipt?")

Increasing difficulty: Table joins

Now let’s make it more challenging! We want our agent to handle joins across multiple tables.

So let’s make a second table recording the names of waiters for each receipt_id!

table_name = "waiters"
receipts = Table(
    table_name,
    metadata_obj,
    Column("receipt_id", Integer, primary_key=True),
    Column("waiter_name", String(16), primary_key=True),
)
metadata_obj.create_all(engine)

rows = [
    {"receipt_id": 1, "waiter_name": "Corey Johnson"},
    {"receipt_id": 2, "waiter_name": "Michael Watts"},
    {"receipt_id": 3, "waiter_name": "Michael Watts"},
    {"receipt_id": 4, "waiter_name": "Margaret James"},
]
for row in rows:
    stmt = insert(receipts).values(**row)
    with engine.begin() as connection:
        cursor = connection.execute(stmt)

We need to update the SQLExecutorTool with this table’s description to let the LLM properly leverage information from this table.

>>> updated_description = """Allows you to perform SQL queries on the table. Beware that this tool's output is a string representation of the execution output.
... It can use the following tables:"""

>>> inspector = inspect(engine)
>>> for table in ["receipts", "waiters"]:
...     columns_info = [(col["name"], col["type"]) for col in inspector.get_columns(table)]

...     table_description = f"Table '{table}':\n"

...     table_description += "Columns:\n" + "\n".join([f"  - {name}: {col_type}" for name, col_type in columns_info])
...     updated_description += "\n\n" + table_description

>>> print(updated_description)

Allows you to perform SQL queries on the table. Beware that this tool's output is a string representation of the execution output.
It can use the following tables:

Table 'receipts':
Columns:
  - receipt_id: INTEGER
  - customer_name: VARCHAR(16)
  - price: FLOAT
  - tip: FLOAT

Table 'waiters':
Columns:
  - receipt_id: INTEGER
  - waiter_name: VARCHAR(16)

Since this request is a bit harder than the previous one, we’ll switch the llm engine to use the more powerful Qwen/Qwen2.5-72B-Instruct!

sql_engine.description = updated_description

agent = CodeAgent(
    tools=[sql_engine],
    model=HfApiModel("Qwen/Qwen2.5-72B-Instruct"),
)

agent.run("Which waiter got more total money from tips?")

It directly works! The setup was surprisingly simple, wasn’t it?

✅ Now you can go build this text-to-SQL system you’ve always dreamt of! ✨

< > Update on GitHub

Open-Source AI Cookbook

Agent for text-to-SQL with automatic error correction

Setup SQL tables

Build our agent

Increasing difficulty: Table joins