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In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Also , 7 of 12 drivers appeared to adjust their driving behaviour by reducing their speed on the driving simulator , leading to improved steering accuracy .
### Output Text: | Also , 7 of 12 drivers appeared to adjust their driving behaviour by reducing their speed on the driving simulator , leading to improved steering accuracy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : Pupillary dilation may lead to a decrease in vision and daylight driving performance in young people .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : Pupillary dilation may lead to a decrease in vision and daylight driving performance in young people . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: A larger study , including a broader spectrum of subjects , is warranted before guidelines can be recommended .
### Output Text: | A larger study , including a broader spectrum of subjects , is warranted before guidelines can be recommended . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: A case of isotretinoin embryopathy with bilateral anotia and Taussig - Bing malformation .
### Output Text: | A case of isotretinoin embryopathy with bilateral anotia and Taussig - Bing malformation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We report a newborn infant with multiple congenital anomalies ( anotia and Taussig - Bing malformation ) due to exposure to isotretinoin within the first trimester .
### Output Text: | We report a newborn infant with multiple congenital anomalies ( anotia and Taussig - Bing malformation ) due to exposure to <span class="chemical">isotretinoin</span> within the first trimester . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: In this paper we aim to draw to the fact that caution is needed when prescribing vitamin A - containing drugs to women of childbearing years .
### Output Text: | In this paper we aim to draw to the fact that caution is needed when prescribing <span class="chemical">vitamin A</span> - containing drugs to women of childbearing years . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Effect of methoxamine on maximum urethral pressure in women with genuine stress incontinence : a placebo - controlled , double - blind crossover study .
### Output Text: | Effect of <span class="chemical">methoxamine</span> on maximum urethral pressure in women with genuine stress incontinence : a placebo - controlled , double - blind crossover study . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential role for a selective alpha1 - adrenoceptor agonist in the treatment of urinary stress incontinence .
### Output Text: | The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential role for a selective alpha1 - adrenoceptor agonist in the treatment of urinary stress incontinence . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: A randomised , double - blind , placebo - controlled , crossover study design was employed .
### Output Text: | A randomised , double - blind , placebo - controlled , crossover study design was employed . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Half log incremental doses of intravenous methoxamine or placebo ( saline ) were administered to a group of women with genuine stress incontinence while measuring maximum urethral pressure ( MUP ) , blood pressure , heart rate , and symptomatic side effects .
### Output Text: | Half log incremental doses of intravenous <span class="chemical">methoxamine</span> or placebo ( saline ) were administered to a group of women with genuine stress incontinence while measuring maximum urethral pressure ( MUP ) , blood pressure , heart rate , and symptomatic side effects . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Methoxamine evoked non - significant increases in MUP and diastolic blood pressure but caused a significant rise in systolic blood pressure and significant fall in heart rate at maximum dosage .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Methoxamine</span> evoked non - significant increases in MUP and diastolic blood pressure but caused a significant rise in systolic blood pressure and significant fall in heart rate at maximum dosage . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Systemic side effects including piloerection , headache , and cold extremities were experienced in all subjects .
### Output Text: | Systemic side effects including piloerection , headache , and cold extremities were experienced in all subjects . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The results indicate that the clinical usefulness of direct , peripherally acting sub - type - selective alpha1 - adrenoceptor agonists in the medical treatment of stress incontinence may be limited by associated piloerection and cardiovascular side effects .
### Output Text: | The results indicate that the clinical usefulness of direct , peripherally acting sub - type - selective alpha1 - adrenoceptor agonists in the medical treatment of stress incontinence may be limited by associated piloerection and cardiovascular side effects . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Hyperglycemic effect of amino compounds structurally related to caproate in rats .
### Output Text: | Hyperglycemic effect of <span class="chemical">amino</span> compounds structurally related to <span class="chemical">caproate</span> in rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The chronic feeding of small amounts ( 0 . 3 - 3 % of diet weight ) of certain amino derivatives of caproate resulted in hyperglycemia , an elevated glucose tolerance curve and , occasionally , glucosuria .
### Output Text: | The chronic feeding of small amounts ( 0 . 3 - 3 % of diet weight ) of certain <span class="chemical">amino</span> derivatives of <span class="chemical">caproate</span> resulted in hyperglycemia , an elevated <span class="chemical">glucose</span> tolerance curve and , occasionally , glucosuria . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Effective compounds included norleucine , norvaline , glutamate , epsilon - aminocaproate , methionine , and leucine .
### Output Text: | Effective compounds included <span class="chemical">norleucine</span> , <span class="chemical">norvaline</span> , <span class="chemical">glutamate</span> , <span class="chemical">epsilon - aminocaproate</span> , <span class="chemical">methionine</span> , and <span class="chemical">leucine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Toleration of high doses of angiotensin - converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with chronic heart failure : results from the ATLAS trial .
### Output Text: | Toleration of high doses of <span class="chemical">angiotensin - converting enzyme inhibitors</span> in patients with chronic heart failure : results from the ATLAS trial . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The Assessment of Treatment with Lisinopril and Survival .
### Output Text: | The Assessment of Treatment with <span class="chemical">Lisinopril</span> and Survival . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND : Treatment with angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitors reduces mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure ( CHF ) , but most affected patients are not receiving these agents or are being treated with doses lower than those found to be efficacious in trials , primarily because of concerns about the safety and tolerability of these agents , especially at the recommended doses .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : Treatment with <span class="chemical">angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitors</span> reduces mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure ( CHF ) , but most affected patients are not receiving these agents or are being treated with doses lower than those found to be efficacious in trials , primarily because of concerns about the safety and tolerability of these agents , especially at the recommended doses . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The present study examines the safety and tolerability of high - compared with low - dose lisinopril in CHF .
### Output Text: | The present study examines the safety and tolerability of high - compared with low - dose <span class="chemical">lisinopril</span> in CHF . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : The Assessment of Lisinopril and Survival study was a multicenter , randomized , double - blind trial in which patients with or without previous ACE inhibitor treatment were stabilized receiving medium - dose lisinopril ( 12 . 5 or 15 . 0 mg once daily [ OD ] ) for 2 to 4 weeks and then randomized to high - ( 35 . 0 or 32 . 5 mg OD ) or low - dose ( 5 . 0 or 2 . 5 mg OD ) groups .
### Output Text: | METHODS : The Assessment of <span class="chemical">Lisinopril</span> and Survival study was a multicenter , randomized , double - blind trial in which patients with or without previous <span class="chemical">ACE inhibitor</span> treatment were stabilized receiving medium - dose <span class="chemical">lisinopril</span> ( 12 . 5 or 15 . 0 mg once daily [ OD ] ) for 2 to 4 weeks and then randomized to high - ( 35 . 0 or 32 . 5 mg OD ) or low - dose ( 5 . 0 or 2 . 5 mg OD ) groups . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Patients with New York Heart Association classes II to IV CHF and left ventricular ejection fractions of no greater than 0 . 30 ( n = 3164 ) were randomized and followed up for a median of 46 months .
### Output Text: | Patients with New York Heart Association classes II to IV CHF and left ventricular ejection fractions of no greater than 0 . 30 ( n = 3164 ) were randomized and followed up for a median of 46 months . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We examined the occurrence of adverse events and the need for discontinuation and dose reduction during treatment , with a focus on hypotension and renal dysfunction .
### Output Text: | We examined the occurrence of adverse events and the need for discontinuation and dose reduction during treatment , with a focus on hypotension and renal dysfunction . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : Of 405 patients not previously receiving an ACE inhibitor , doses in only 4 . 2 % could not be titrated to the medium doses required for randomization because of symptoms possibly related to hypotension ( 2 . 0 % ) or because of renal dysfunction or hyperkalemia ( 2 . 3 % ) .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : Of 405 patients not previously receiving an <span class="chemical">ACE inhibitor</span> , doses in only 4 . 2 % could not be titrated to the medium doses required for randomization because of symptoms possibly related to hypotension ( 2 . 0 % ) or because of renal dysfunction or hyperkalemia ( 2 . 3 % ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Doses in more than 90 % of randomized patients in the high - and low - dose groups were titrated to their assigned target , and the mean doses of blinded medication in both groups remained similar throughout the study .
### Output Text: | Doses in more than 90 % of randomized patients in the high - and low - dose groups were titrated to their assigned target , and the mean doses of blinded medication in both groups remained similar throughout the study . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Withdrawals occurred in 27 . 1 % of the high - and 30 . 7 % of the low - dose groups .
### Output Text: | Withdrawals occurred in 27 . 1 % of the high - and 30 . 7 % of the low - dose groups . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Subgroups presumed to be at higher risk for ACE inhibitor intolerance ( blood pressure , < 120 mm Hg ; creatinine , > or = 132 . 6 micromol / L [ > or = 1 . 5 mg / dL ] ; age , > or = 70 years ; and patients with diabetes ) generally tolerated the high - dose strategy .
### Output Text: | Subgroups presumed to be at higher risk for <span class="chemical">ACE inhibitor</span> intolerance ( blood pressure , < 120 mm Hg ; <span class="chemical">creatinine</span> , > or = 132 . 6 micromol / L [ > or = 1 . 5 mg / dL ] ; age , > or = 70 years ; and patients with diabetes ) generally tolerated the high - dose strategy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : These findings demonstrate that ACE inhibitor therapy in most patients with CHF can be successfully titrated to and maintained at high doses , and that more aggressive use of these agents is warranted .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : These findings demonstrate that <span class="chemical">ACE inhibitor</span> therapy in most patients with CHF can be successfully titrated to and maintained at high doses , and that more aggressive use of these agents is warranted . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Cocaine , ethanol , and cocaethylene cardiotoxity in an animal model of cocaine and ethanol abuse .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Cocaine</span> , <span class="chemical">ethanol</span> , and <span class="chemical">cocaethylene</span> cardiotoxity in an animal model of cocaine and ethanol abuse . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: OBJECTIVES : Simultaneous abuse of cocaine and ethanol affects 12 million Americans annually .
### Output Text: | OBJECTIVES : Simultaneous abuse of cocaine and ethanol affects 12 million Americans annually . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In combination , these substances are substantially more toxic than either drug alone .
### Output Text: | In combination , these substances are substantially more toxic than either drug alone . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Their combined cardiac toxicity may be due to independent effects of each drug ; however , they may also be due to cocaethylene ( CE ) , a cocaine metabolite formed only in the presence of ethanol .
### Output Text: | Their combined cardiac toxicity may be due to independent effects of each drug ; however , they may also be due to <span class="chemical">cocaethylene</span> ( <span class="chemical">CE</span> ) , a <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> metabolite formed only in the presence of <span class="chemical">ethanol</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The purpose of this study was to delineate the role of CE in the combined cardiotoxicity of cocaine and ethanol in a model simulating their abuse .
### Output Text: | The purpose of this study was to delineate the role of <span class="chemical">CE</span> in the combined cardiotoxicity of <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> and <span class="chemical">ethanol</span> in a model simulating their abuse . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : Twenty - three dogs were randomized to receive either 1 ) three intravenous ( IV ) boluses of cocaine 7 . 5 mg / kg with ethanol ( 1 g / kg ) as an IV infusion ( C + E , n = 8 ) , 2 ) three cocaine boluses only ( C , n = 6 ) , 3 ) ethanol infusion only ( E , n = 5 ) , or 4 ) placebo boluses and infusion ( n = 4 ) .
### Output Text: | METHODS : Twenty - three dogs were randomized to receive either 1 ) three intravenous ( IV ) boluses of <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> 7 . 5 mg / kg with <span class="chemical">ethanol</span> ( 1 g / kg ) as an IV infusion ( C + E , n = 8 ) , 2 ) three <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> boluses only ( C , n = 6 ) , 3 ) <span class="chemical">ethanol</span> infusion only ( E , n = 5 ) , or 4 ) placebo boluses and infusion ( n = 4 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Hemodynamic measurements , electrocardiograms , and serum drug concentrations were obtained at baseline , and then at fixed time intervals after each drug was administered .
### Output Text: | Hemodynamic measurements , electrocardiograms , and serum drug concentrations were obtained at baseline , and then at fixed time intervals after each drug was administered . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : Two of eight dogs in the C + E group experienced cardiovascular collapse .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : Two of eight dogs in the C + E group experienced cardiovascular collapse . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The most dramatic hemodynamic changes occurred after each cocaine bolus in the C + E and C only groups ; however , persistent hemodynamic changes occurred in the C + E group .
### Output Text: | The most dramatic hemodynamic changes occurred after each <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> bolus in the C + E and C only groups ; however , persistent hemodynamic changes occurred in the C + E group . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Peak CE levels were associated with a 45 % ( SD + / - 22 % , 95 % CI = 22 % to 69 % ) decrease in cardiac output ( p < 0 . 05 ) , a 56 % ( SD + / - 23 % , 95 % CI = 32 % to 80 % ) decrease in dP / dt ( max ) ( p < . 006 ) , and a 23 % ( SD + / - 15 % , 95 % CI = 7 % to 49 % ) decrease in SVO ( 2 ) ( p < 0 . 025 ) .
### Output Text: | Peak <span class="chemical">CE</span> levels were associated with a 45 % ( SD + / - 22 % , 95 % CI = 22 % to 69 % ) decrease in cardiac output ( p < 0 . 05 ) , a 56 % ( SD + / - 23 % , 95 % CI = 32 % to 80 % ) decrease in dP / dt ( max ) ( p < . 006 ) , and a 23 % ( SD + / - 15 % , 95 % CI = 7 % to 49 % ) decrease in SVO ( 2 ) ( p < 0 . 025 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Ventricular arrhythmias were primarily observed in the C + E group , in which four of eight dogs experienced ventricular tachycardia .
### Output Text: | Ventricular arrhythmias were primarily observed in the C + E group , in which four of eight dogs experienced ventricular tachycardia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : Cocaine and ethanol in combination were more toxic than either substance alone .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : <span class="chemical">Cocaine</span> and <span class="chemical">ethanol</span> in combination were more toxic than either substance alone . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Co - administration resulted in prolonged cardiac toxicity and was dysrhythmogenic .
### Output Text: | Co - administration resulted in prolonged cardiac toxicity and was dysrhythmogenic . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Peak serum cocaethylene concentrations were associated with prolonged myocardial depression .
### Output Text: | Peak serum <span class="chemical">cocaethylene</span> concentrations were associated with prolonged myocardial depression . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Worsening of Parkinsonism after the use of veralipride for treatment of menopause : case report .
### Output Text: | Worsening of Parkinsonism after the use of <span class="chemical">veralipride</span> for treatment of menopause : case report . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We describe a female patient with stable Parkinson ' s disease who has shown a marked worsening of her motor functions following therapy of menopause related symptoms with veralipride , as well as the improvement of her symptoms back to baseline after discontinuation of the drug .
### Output Text: | We describe a female patient with stable Parkinson ' s disease who has shown a marked worsening of her motor functions following therapy of menopause related symptoms with <span class="chemical">veralipride</span> , as well as the improvement of her symptoms back to baseline after discontinuation of the drug . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We emphasize the anti - dopaminergic effect of veralipride .
### Output Text: | We emphasize the anti - dopaminergic effect of <span class="chemical">veralipride</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Viracept and irregular heartbeat warning .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Viracept</span> and irregular heartbeat warning . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A group of doctors in Boston warn that the protease inhibitor Viracept may cause an irregular heart beat , known as bradycardia , in people with HIV .
### Output Text: | A group of doctors in Boston warn that the protease inhibitor <span class="chemical">Viracept</span> may cause an irregular heart beat , known as bradycardia , in people with HIV . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Bradycardia occurred in a 45 - year - old male patient who was Viracept in combination with other anti - HIV drugs .
### Output Text: | Bradycardia occurred in a 45 - year - old male patient who was <span class="chemical">Viracept</span> in combination with other anti - HIV drugs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The symptoms ceased after switching to another drug combination .
### Output Text: | The symptoms ceased after switching to another drug combination . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Frequency of appearance of myeloperoxidase - antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody ( MPO - ANCA ) in Graves ' disease patients treated with propylthiouracil and the relationship between MPO - ANCA and clinical manifestations .
### Output Text: | Frequency of appearance of myeloperoxidase - antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody ( MPO - ANCA ) in Graves ' disease patients treated with <span class="chemical">propylthiouracil</span> and the relationship between MPO - ANCA and clinical manifestations . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: OBJECTIVE : Myeloperoxidase antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody ( MPO - ANCA ) - positive vasculitis has been reported in patients with Graves ' disease who were treated with propylthiouracil ( PTU ) .
### Output Text: | OBJECTIVE : Myeloperoxidase antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody ( MPO - ANCA ) - positive vasculitis has been reported in patients with Graves ' disease who were treated with <span class="chemical">propylthiouracil</span> ( <span class="chemical">PTU</span> ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The appearance of MPO - ANCA in these cases was suspected of being related to PTU because the titres of MPO - ANCA decreased when PTU was stopped .
### Output Text: | The appearance of MPO - ANCA in these cases was suspected of being related to <span class="chemical">PTU</span> because the titres of MPO - ANCA decreased when <span class="chemical">PTU</span> was stopped . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Nevertheless , there have been no studies on the temporal relationship between the appearance of MPO - ANCA and vasculitis during PTU therapy , or on the incidence of MPO - ANCA in untreated Graves ' disease patients .
### Output Text: | Nevertheless , there have been no studies on the temporal relationship between the appearance of MPO - ANCA and vasculitis during <span class="chemical">PTU</span> therapy , or on the incidence of MPO - ANCA in untreated Graves ' disease patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Therefore , we sought to address these parameters in patients with Graves ' disease .
### Output Text: | Therefore , we sought to address these parameters in patients with Graves ' disease . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: PATIENTS : We investigated 102 untreated patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves ' disease for the presence of MPO - ANCA , and for the development vasculitis after starting PTU therapy .
### Output Text: | PATIENTS : We investigated 102 untreated patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves ' disease for the presence of MPO - ANCA , and for the development vasculitis after starting <span class="chemical">PTU</span> therapy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Twenty - nine of them were later excluded because of adverse effects of PTU or because the observation period was less than 3 months .
### Output Text: | Twenty - nine of them were later excluded because of adverse effects of <span class="chemical">PTU</span> or because the observation period was less than 3 months . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The remaining 73 patients ( 55 women and 18 men ) , all of whom were examined for more than 3 months , were adopted as the subjects of the investigation .
### Output Text: | The remaining 73 patients ( 55 women and 18 men ) , all of whom were examined for more than 3 months , were adopted as the subjects of the investigation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The median observation period was 23 . 6 months ( range : 3 - 37 months ) .
### Output Text: | The median observation period was 23 . 6 months ( range : 3 - 37 months ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: MEASUREMENTS : MPO - ANCA was measured at intervals of 2 - 6 months .
### Output Text: | MEASUREMENTS : MPO - ANCA was measured at intervals of 2 - 6 months . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : Before treatment , the MPO - ANCA titres of all 102 untreated Graves ' disease patients were within the reference range ( below 10 U / ml ) .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : Before treatment , the MPO - ANCA titres of all 102 untreated Graves ' disease patients were within the reference range ( below 10 U / ml ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Three ( 4 . 1 % ) of the 73 patients were positive for MPO - ANCA at 13 , 16 and 17 months , respectively , after the start of PTU therapy .
### Output Text: | Three ( 4 . 1 % ) of the 73 patients were positive for MPO - ANCA at 13 , 16 and 17 months , respectively , after the start of <span class="chemical">PTU</span> therapy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In two of them , the MPO - ANCA titres transiently increased to 12 . 8 and 15 . 0 U / ml , respectively , despite continued PTU therapy , but no vasculitic disorders developed .
### Output Text: | In two of them , the MPO - ANCA titres transiently increased to 12 . 8 and 15 . 0 U / ml , respectively , despite continued <span class="chemical">PTU</span> therapy , but no vasculitic disorders developed . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In the third patient , the MPO - ANCA titre increased to 204 U / ml and she developed a higher fever , oral ulcers and polyarthralgia , but the symptoms resolved 2 weeks after stopping PTU therapy , and the MPO - ANCA titre decreased to 20 . 7 U / ml by 4 months after discontinuing PTU .
### Output Text: | In the third patient , the MPO - ANCA titre increased to 204 U / ml and she developed a higher fever , oral ulcers and polyarthralgia , but the symptoms resolved 2 weeks after stopping <span class="chemical">PTU</span> therapy , and the MPO - ANCA titre decreased to 20 . 7 U / ml by 4 months after discontinuing <span class="chemical">PTU</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : PTU therapy may be related to the appearance of MPO - ANCA , but MPO - ANCA does not appear to be closely related to vasculitis .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : <span class="chemical">PTU</span> therapy may be related to the appearance of MPO - ANCA , but MPO - ANCA does not appear to be closely related to vasculitis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Prevalence of heart disease in asymptomatic chronic cocaine users .
### Output Text: | Prevalence of heart disease in asymptomatic chronic <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> users . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: To determine the prevalence of heart disease in outpatient young asymptomatic chronic cocaine users , 35 cocaine users and 32 age - matched controls underwent resting and exercise electrocardiography ( ECG ) and Doppler echocardiography .
### Output Text: | To determine the prevalence of heart disease in outpatient young asymptomatic chronic <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> users , 35 <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> users and 32 age - matched controls underwent resting and exercise electrocardiography ( ECG ) and Doppler echocardiography . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Findings consistent with coronary artery disease were detected in 12 ( 34 % ) patients and 3 ( 9 % ) controls ( p = 0 . 01 ) .
### Output Text: | Findings consistent with coronary artery disease were detected in 12 ( 34 % ) patients and 3 ( 9 % ) controls ( p = 0 . 01 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Decreased left ventricular systolic function was demonstrated in 5 ( 14 % ) patients , but in none of the controls ( p = 0 . 055 ) .
### Output Text: | Decreased left ventricular systolic function was demonstrated in 5 ( 14 % ) patients , but in none of the controls ( p = 0 . 055 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Finally , resting and peak exercise abnormal left ventricular filling was detected in 38 and 35 % of patients as compared to 19 and 9 % of controls , respectively ( p = 0 . 11 and 0 . 02 , respectively ) .
### Output Text: | Finally , resting and peak exercise abnormal left ventricular filling was detected in 38 and 35 % of patients as compared to 19 and 9 % of controls , respectively ( p = 0 . 11 and 0 . 02 , respectively ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We conclude that coronary artery or myocardial disease is common ( 38 % ) in young asymptomatic chronic cocaine users .
### Output Text: | We conclude that coronary artery or myocardial disease is common ( 38 % ) in young asymptomatic chronic <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> users . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Therefore , screening ECG and echocardiography may be warranted in these patients .
### Output Text: | Therefore , screening ECG and echocardiography may be warranted in these patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Cardioprotective effects of Picrorrhiza kurroa against isoproterenol - induced myocardial stress in rats .
### Output Text: | Cardioprotective effects of Picrorrhiza kurroa against <span class="chemical">isoproterenol</span> - induced myocardial stress in rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The cardioprotective effect of the ethanol extract of Picrorrhiza kurroa rhizomes and roots ( PK ) on isoproterenol - induced myocardial infarction in rats with respect to lipid metabolism in serum and heart tissue has been investigated .
### Output Text: | The cardioprotective effect of the <span class="chemical">ethanol</span> extract of Picrorrhiza kurroa rhizomes and roots ( PK ) on <span class="chemical">isoproterenol</span> - induced myocardial infarction in rats with respect to lipid metabolism in serum and heart tissue has been investigated . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Oral pre - treatment with PK ( 80 mg kg ( - 1 ) day ( - 1 ) for 15 days ) significantly prevented the isoproterenol - induced myocardial infarction and maintained the rats at near normal status .
### Output Text: | Oral pre - treatment with PK ( 80 mg kg ( - 1 ) day ( - 1 ) for 15 days ) significantly prevented the <span class="chemical">isoproterenol</span> - induced myocardial infarction and maintained the rats at near normal status . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Phase 2 early afterdepolarization as a trigger of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in acquired long - QT syndrome : direct evidence from intracellular recordings in the intact left ventricular wall .
### Output Text: | Phase 2 early afterdepolarization as a trigger of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in acquired long - QT syndrome : direct evidence from intracellular recordings in the intact left ventricular wall . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND : This study examined the role of phase 2 early afterdepolarization ( EAD ) in producing a trigger to initiate torsade de pointes ( TdP ) with QT prolongation induced by dl - sotalol and azimilide .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : This study examined the role of phase 2 early afterdepolarization ( EAD ) in producing a trigger to initiate torsade de pointes ( TdP ) with QT prolongation induced by dl - <span class="chemical">sotalol</span> and <span class="chemical">azimilide</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The contribution of transmural dispersion of repolarization ( TDR ) to transmural propagation of EAD and the maintenance of TdP was also evaluated .
### Output Text: | The contribution of transmural dispersion of repolarization ( TDR ) to transmural propagation of EAD and the maintenance of TdP was also evaluated . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS AND RESULTS : Transmembrane action potentials from epicardium , midmyocardium , and endocardium were recorded simultaneously , together with a transmural ECG , in arterially perfused canine and rabbit left ventricular preparations .
### Output Text: | METHODS AND RESULTS : Transmembrane action potentials from epicardium , midmyocardium , and endocardium were recorded simultaneously , together with a transmural ECG , in arterially perfused canine and rabbit left ventricular preparations . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: dl - Sotalol preferentially prolonged action potential duration ( APD ) in M cells dose - dependently ( 1 to 100 micromol / L ) , leading to QT prolongation and an increase in TDR .
### Output Text: | dl - <span class="chemical">Sotalol</span> preferentially prolonged action potential duration ( APD ) in M cells dose - dependently ( 1 to 100 micromol / L ) , leading to QT prolongation and an increase in TDR . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Azimilide , however , significantly prolonged APD and QT interval at concentrations from 0 . 1 to 10 micromol / L but shortened them at 30 micromol / L .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Azimilide</span> , however , significantly prolonged APD and QT interval at concentrations from 0 . 1 to 10 micromol / L but shortened them at 30 micromol / L . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Unlike dl - sotalol , azimilide ( > 3 micromol / L ) increased epicardial APD markedly , causing a diminished TDR .
### Output Text: | Unlike dl - <span class="chemical">sotalol</span> , <span class="chemical">azimilide</span> ( > 3 micromol / L ) increased epicardial APD markedly , causing a diminished TDR . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Although both dl - sotalol and azimilide rarely induced EADs in canine left ventricles , they produced frequent EADs in rabbits , in which more pronounced QT prolongation was seen .
### Output Text: | Although both dl - <span class="chemical">sotalol</span> and <span class="chemical">azimilide</span> rarely induced EADs in canine left ventricles , they produced frequent EADs in rabbits , in which more pronounced QT prolongation was seen . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: An increase in TDR by dl - sotalol facilitated transmural propagation of EADs that initiated multiple episodes of spontaneous TdP in 3 of 6 rabbit left ventricles .
### Output Text: | An increase in TDR by dl - <span class="chemical">sotalol</span> facilitated transmural propagation of EADs that initiated multiple episodes of spontaneous TdP in 3 of 6 rabbit left ventricles . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Of note , although azimilide ( 3 to 10 micromol / L ) increased APD more than dl - sotalol , its EADs often failed to propagate transmurally , probably because of a diminished TDR .
### Output Text: | Of note , although <span class="chemical">azimilide</span> ( 3 to 10 micromol / L ) increased APD more than dl - <span class="chemical">sotalol</span> , its EADs often failed to propagate transmurally , probably because of a diminished TDR . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : This study provides the first direct evidence from intracellular action potential recordings that phase 2 EAD can be generated from intact ventricular wall and produce a trigger to initiate the onset of TdP under QT prolongation .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : This study provides the first direct evidence from intracellular action potential recordings that phase 2 EAD can be generated from intact ventricular wall and produce a trigger to initiate the onset of TdP under QT prolongation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A pilot study to assess the safety of dobutamine stress echocardiography in the emergency department evaluation of cocaine - associated chest pain .
### Output Text: | A pilot study to assess the safety of <span class="chemical">dobutamine</span> stress echocardiography in the emergency department evaluation of <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> - associated chest pain . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: STUDY OBJECTIVE : Chest pain in the setting of cocaine use poses a diagnostic dilemma .
### Output Text: | STUDY OBJECTIVE : Chest pain in the setting of <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> use poses a diagnostic dilemma . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Dobutamine stress echocardiography ( DSE ) is a widely available and sensitive test for evaluating cardiac ischemia .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Dobutamine</span> stress echocardiography ( DSE ) is a widely available and sensitive test for evaluating cardiac ischemia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Because of the theoretical concern regarding administration of dobutamine in the setting of cocaine use , we conducted a pilot study to assess the safety of DSE in emergency department patients with cocaine - associated chest pain .
### Output Text: | Because of the theoretical concern regarding administration of <span class="chemical">dobutamine</span> in the setting of <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> use , we conducted a pilot study to assess the safety of DSE in emergency department patients with <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> - associated chest pain . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : A prospective case series was conducted in the intensive diagnostic and treatment unit in the ED of an urban tertiary - care teaching hospital .
### Output Text: | METHODS : A prospective case series was conducted in the intensive diagnostic and treatment unit in the ED of an urban tertiary - care teaching hospital . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Patients were eligible for DSE if they had used cocaine within 24 hours preceding the onset of chest pain and had a normal ECG and tropinin I level .
### Output Text: | Patients were eligible for DSE if they had used <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> within 24 hours preceding the onset of chest pain and had a normal ECG and tropinin I level . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Patients exhibiting signs of continuing cocaine toxicity were excluded from the study .
### Output Text: | Patients exhibiting signs of continuing <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> toxicity were excluded from the study . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: All patients were admitted to the hospital for serial testing after the DSE testing in the intensive diagnostic and treatment unit .
### Output Text: | All patients were admitted to the hospital for serial testing after the DSE testing in the intensive diagnostic and treatment unit . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : Twenty - four patients were enrolled .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : Twenty - four patients were enrolled . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Two patients had inadequate resting images , one DSE was terminated because of inferior hypokinesis , another DSE was terminated because of a rate - related atrial conduction deficit , and 1 patient did not reach the target heart rate .
### Output Text: | Two patients had inadequate resting images , one DSE was terminated because of inferior hypokinesis , another DSE was terminated because of a rate - related atrial conduction deficit , and 1 patient did not reach the target heart rate . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Thus , 19 patients completed a DSE and reached their target heart rates .
### Output Text: | Thus , 19 patients completed a DSE and reached their target heart rates . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: None of the patients experienced signs of exaggerated adrenergic response , which was defined as a systolic blood pressure of greater than 200 mm Hg or the occurrence of tachydysrhythmias ( excluding sinus tachycardia ) .
### Output Text: | None of the patients experienced signs of exaggerated adrenergic response , which was defined as a systolic blood pressure of greater than 200 mm Hg or the occurrence of tachydysrhythmias ( excluding sinus tachycardia ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Further suggesting lack of exaggerated adrenergic response , 13 ( 65 % ) of 20 patients required supplemental atropine to reach their target heart rates .
### Output Text: | Further suggesting lack of exaggerated adrenergic response , 13 ( 65 % ) of 20 patients required supplemental <span class="chemical">atropine</span> to reach their target heart rates . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSION : No exaggerated adrenergic response was detected when dobutamine was administered to patients with cocaine - related chest pain .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSION : No exaggerated adrenergic response was detected when <span class="chemical">dobutamine</span> was administered to patients with <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> - related chest pain . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Prenatal cocaine exposure and cranial sonographic findings in preterm infants .
### Output Text: | Prenatal <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> exposure and cranial sonographic findings in preterm infants . |
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