question_id
stringlengths
36
36
question
stringlengths
9
108
answer
stringlengths
1
313
context
stringlengths
386
1.6k
fact
stringlengths
9
405
2b3ab8ae-6ee2-487c-bcae-e1e953334916
ืžืชื™ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœ ืขืœ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ?
12 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2003
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืืœ ืขืœ ื›ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืš ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื˜ืชื” ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘-12 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2003, ื›ืฉืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื•ืฆืขื• ืœืžื›ื™ืจื” ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2005 ื”ืคื›ื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ืื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื‘ืข"ืž ืœื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืืœ ืขืœ. ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืืœ ืขืœ ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ ื”ื™ื ื ื˜ืœื” ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ืขืจื‘, ืžืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื•ืจืฉืช ื™ืขื“ื™ื” ืฉื™ืงืคื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื›ื ื•ืชื™ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ืช 2020 ื‘ืฆืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื›ื ืคื™ ื ืฉืจื™ื ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ืข"ืž, ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืืœื™ ืจื•ื–ื ื‘ืจื’.
ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ื•ืฆืขื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘-12 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2003.
9a67f47d-b73b-4b8d-9273-e91e052a12d9
ืžื”ื• ืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื ื™?
ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืชืจื’ืžื™ื ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืื•"ื ืขืœ ืื’ืคื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื. ื”ืื•"ื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉืฉ ืฉืคื•ืช ื›ืฉืคื•ืช ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช (ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช, ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ืกื™ื ื™ืช, ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืจื•ืกื™ืช). ื”ืชืงืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืžืจืช ื‘ืžืฉืš 30 ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื•ืจื•ืกื™ืช, ื•ืžืฉืžืจืช ื‘ืžืฉืš 20 ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ืกื™ื ื™ืช. ื™ื•ื ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžืฆืจื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ 60 ืžืชืจื’ืžื™ื (ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ื ืชื•ื ื” 30 ืžืชืจื’ืžื™ื ื”ืžืชื—ืœืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื). ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื” ื’ื ืฉืžืชืจื’ืžื™ื ืœืฉืคื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื˜ืกื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช ืžื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ืœื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื”.
ืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืœืชืจื’ื•ื ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
35c001ab-8a21-44f3-be74-b682d6a08085
ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื—ืœื” ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืจืง ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง?
ืขืงื‘ ืื™-ืกื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ื
ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1950 ื ืขืœื ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืŸ 7 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืžืฉื” ื‘ืŸ ืกืœื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืœื™ื“. ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1950 ื”ื—ืœื” ื—ืงื™ืจืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืช ื–ื•, ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืชืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืจืฅ ื•ืืคืจื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”. ืžืกืงื ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืื•ืฉืคื–. ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืœื— ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืœืžื—ื ื” ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืžืจ ื•ืฉื ื ืขืœื ืขืงื‘ ืื™-ืกื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืืœื•. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1950 ืชื™ืืจ ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ 'ื“ื‘ืจ' ืืช ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•. ื”ื›ืชื‘ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ "ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืงืจื” ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืžื”ืžื—ื ื” ืœื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื ืขืœืžื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื—ื–ืจื”". ืื—ื“ ืžืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืชื”ื” "ื”ืจื™ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื”ื ืขืœืžืช ื‘ื ืžืœ! ... ืžื™ ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื›ืฆืจื•ืจ ื“ื•ืืจ ืจืฉื•ื?".
ืขืงื‘ ืื™-ืกื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ื, ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืจืง ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง.
e11dc1be-30a4-46b8-9279-02c4411ea956
ืžืชื™ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืœื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ?
ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช 1949
ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ืขืœืžื• ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืœื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช 1949. ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉื ื•ืกื“ื” ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ืงืœื˜ื” ืื– ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžืชื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืคื•ื– ื•ืžืื•ืœืชืจ, ื‘ืฉืœ ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื™ืžืŸ. ืื—ื•ื– ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ ื’ืจื•ืข ื•ื—ืœืงื ืกื‘ืœ ืžืชืช-ืชื–ื•ื ื”. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืชื ืื™ื ืงืฉื™ื, ืฉืœ ืฆื ืข ื•ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช. ืืœื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงืฉื™ื™ ืฉืคื” ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™, ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื›ืš ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื•ืชืง ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื•ืฉืคื–ื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื. ื”ืขื“ืจ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืจืื•ื™ื”, ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžืขืงื‘ ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืงืฉื™ื™ ืฉืคื” ื•ื™ื—ืก ืžืชื ืฉื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื”, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืœืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื. ื ื•ืกืคื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืžืก ื•ืื™ ืกื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื•ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื”.
ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืœื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช 1949.
0828b09c-405d-4115-bf6b-9846ab833d49
ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช?
ื‘ืžื›ื™ื ื” ื”ืงื“ื-ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช
ื›ืกื™ืฃ ื›ืชื‘ ื‘-2003, "ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ื–ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืื”. ืืš ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ื”, ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื•ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฉืœื™ืœืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื, ื”ื”ืชืขืžืจื•ืช, ื”ื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช, ื”ื”ืจืก, ื”ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืกื’ืจื™ื, ื”ื”ืจื’ ื•ื”ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื โ€“ ื›ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืืชื ื™-ืœืื•ืžื™ โ€“ ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืคืฉืขื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื”". ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2017, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืžื›ื™ื ื” ื”ืงื“ื-ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืงื™ื“ืžื” ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2018, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ืืžืจ ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘-ื™ืคื• ืฉ"ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืฆืจื” - ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืขืจื‘ื™ื. ื›ืš ืžื“ืจื“ืจื™ื ืœืชื”ื•ื ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœืคื ื™ 80 ืฉื ื”".
ื›ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉื ืฉื ื‘ืžื›ื™ื ื” ื”ืงื“ื-ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช.
bdef2bd4-6ff4-4cb1-96d6-5b09a20d43e7
ืžื™ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืœืฉื•ื ื• ื•ืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ?
ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ื—ืžื“
ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืืฉืจ ืฉืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืฉืœื• ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืฉืคื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืžื›ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-7 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”. ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช ืžืกืคืจืช ืฉื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ื ื›ื ืื•ืžื™ื ืฉื ืฉื ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื‘ืขืœ-ืคื”, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืขืœ-ืคื” ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืฉืฉื™ื ื ื• ืื•ืชื•. ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืœื”ืื—ื“ืช ื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ ื•ื”ืขืœืืชื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ืœื—'ืœื™ืคื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืขื•ืช'ืžืืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืขืคืืŸ. ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื, ื”ื ืฉืขื ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช, ืžืชืืจื›ืช ืืช ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื”ืื—ื“ื” ื•ื”ื”ืขืœืื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ ืœืฉื ื™ื 650โ€“656 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื•ืžื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืื•ืชื• ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืืกืคื” ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ื’ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื ื•ืกื— ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ืงืื ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ.
ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืœืฉื•ื ื• ื•ืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ.
9630e9b6-20ed-45c3-8cfc-d7f9104fc3ae
ืื™ื–ื• ืืžื•ื ื” ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื?
ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช
ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช, ื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื. ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืืกืœืื ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ "ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ" (ื‘ื ืžืŸ ื”ื ืฆื—, ืื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช: ุฃุฒู„ูŠ "ืื–ืœื™") ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื‘ืจื. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืื ื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืืœืœื” ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืื• ืฉืžื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืžืื– ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ื›ืžื• ืืœืœื” ืขืฆืžื•. ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืืกืœืื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืื ืฉื™ ื–ืจื ื”ืžืขืชื–ืœื” (ุงู„ู…ุนุชุฒู„ุฉ) ื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ืžื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืืœืœื” ืื™ื ื• ื”ืืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืคื™ืจื” (ุดู€ูุฑู’ูƒ "ืฉึดืจึฐื›" - ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ืืกืœืื). ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ืจื. ื›ื ื’ื“ื ื˜ืขื ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ ืืกืœืื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ืืœืœื” ื•ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื•, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื ืฆื—ื™ ื›ืžื• ื”ืืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืš ื›ืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืื—ื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœืœื”. ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ ืœื ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืžืื– ื•ืžืขื•ืœื, ื•ื”ื•ืจื“ ืืœ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ืืœืœื”.
ื”ืืกืœืื ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื.
6ad047b8-b4ab-46d0-a09c-482580775e2e
ืœืื™ื–ื• ื“ืช ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืจื™ื”"ืœ?
ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช
ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ ืœืื“ื. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื•, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™, ืืš ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืžืจืืฉ ืฉื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืœืจืขื”ื•, ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืœืืœ. ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ืชื” (ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืš), ืืš ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™; ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ ืžืชื’ืœื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื‘"ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื”", ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœ "ืื ื™-ืืชื”". ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืจื™ื”"ืœ ื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืคืจื”ืกื™ื”, ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฉืžื™ื" ืžื‘ื˜ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ื—ื•ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชื•ืš ืžืคื’ืฉ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ืื—ืจืช, ืฉืชื•ืจื’ืžื” ืœืชื›ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื (ืชื•ืจื”). ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ืื•ืชื” ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื”; ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืชืœื•ื™ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื ืืช ื”"ืื ื™-ื”ืœื–" ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœ"ืื ื™-ืืชื”".
ืจื™ื”"ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื“ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช.
4635b18f-b8c5-4bad-9555-e70d0c66bc78
ืื™ื–ื• ืฉืคื•ืช ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื ืฉืœ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ?
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1882, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข, ื”ืชื’ืจืฉื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกื‘ื• ืจ' ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืžื‘ืจื’ (ืœื‘ื•ื‘) ืฉื‘ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ื”. ืกื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจื‘ ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืงืจ ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ื ื•ื“ืข. ื ื™ื›ืจ ื›ื™ ืœืกื‘ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืœื ืงื˜ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ. ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ ื–ื›ื” ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืจื‘-ืœืฉื•ื ื™: ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืจื•ืชื•, ื•ืœืžื“ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืžื“ ืฉืคื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื” ืฉืคื•ืช. ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช, ืงืจื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืงืื ื˜, ืกืจืŸ ืงื™ืจืงื’ื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื™ื“ืจื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ืฉื” ื•ื”ืชืจืฉื ืžื”ื ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืืœื• ื’ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืงื™ื™ื ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืชื™.
ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื ืฉืœ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื• ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช.
63eb5f11-77d6-458b-9879-fc341adf9f54
ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื ื˜ื• ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืกืžืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช?
ืคืจื•ื™ื“
ืœืžืจื•ืช ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืกืžืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช, ื ืจืื” ืฉืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื ื™ืกื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื”. ื›ืš, ืœืงืจืืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™, ื•ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืœื™ ื•ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื’ื ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ืขืฆืžื•, ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื”, ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ืช. ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ื, ืื•ืชื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื“, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืคืฉืจ ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช".
ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื ื˜ื• ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืกืžืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช.
0d0aee6e-b474-460a-8c95-58af173e7d01
ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืฉื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืžื™ื ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื?
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช
ื’ื ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืคืขืœื• ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช. ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื“ืฉื™ ื“ื’ื™ืจื”. ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืœื™ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงื“ืฉื™ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื“ืฉื™ ืืกืงื•ืคืœืคื™ื•ืก, ืฉื ืงืจืื• ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืคื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืช ืขืฉืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”. ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืžื™ื, ืจื—ื™ืฆื” ื‘ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืžืจื™ื—ืช ืฉืžื ื™ื. ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืœื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื, ืื ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื•ืื ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ื. ืื ืื“ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืœื•ื ื—ืœื•ื, ืฉืœื™ื— ืื• ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืœื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื•.
ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื: ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืžื™ื ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ื ืขืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช.
2a23cc92-60e5-4e5e-b162-ea76af41820a
ืžืชื™ ื—ื™ ืืจื˜ืžื™ื“ื•ืจื•ืก?
ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœืกืคื™ืจื”
ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ืฉื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื“ืจื’ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืขืžืงื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืืฆืœ ืืคืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•. ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืœื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืก ("ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื™ืงื•ื") ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื™ื•ื. ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื˜ืžื™ื“ื•ืจื•ืก, ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืกืคืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ื: ื. ื—ืœื•ื โ€“ ื”ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืžืจืื•ืช ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื, ื‘. ื—ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื“ื ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืงื™ืฅ, ื’. ื ื‘ื•ืื” โ€“ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื ืžืกืจืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืœืืš ืื• ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ื“. ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” โ€“ ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื”. ื—ืœื•ื ื‘ืœื”ื•ืช ืื• ืกื™ื•ื˜ โ€“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืชืขืชื•ืข ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžืคืœืฆืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืงื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ื“ื ืื• ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื”ื.
ืืจื˜ืžื™ื“ื•ืจื•ืก ื—ื™ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœืกืคื™ืจื”.
54fa3dc4-4596-4dfd-98b8-a0f7ea777906
ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืคื™ื ืขืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืกื ืื˜?
ื™ื•"ืจ-ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ
ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื• ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืชื™ืง ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื ืื˜ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘-1997 ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืžื˜ืขื ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜, ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืจืืฉื” ืžื™ื•ื ื™ 2001 ืขื“ ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2003. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื‘ ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืžื™ื ื•ืืจ 2007 ืขื“ ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2009 ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื ื˜ืœื” ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื ืื˜ ืžื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ืช, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืžืฆืข ื”ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื‘-2006. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช-ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ. ืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืชืืžื• ืœืจื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื’ื ืขื ืกื ืื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืœื•ื’ืืจ ื•ื’'ืกื™ ื”ืœืžืก, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ืงื˜ ื‘ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžืคืœื’ืชื•. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื™ื•"ืจ-ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืคื™ื ืขืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืกื ืื˜. ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืžืชืงื•ืคืชื• ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื ื•ืขื“ ืขื ื›-150 ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืž-60 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืขืจืš ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื™ื ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื™ื”ืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืคื™ื ืขืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืกื ืื˜.
3dcb7a2b-d03a-40b7-ae96-c5089960041c
ืื™ื–ื” ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื ืชื ื• ืืชืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช Rotten Tomatoes ื•-Metacritic ืœืกืจื˜?
83% ื•-71
ืœืื—ืจ "ืื™ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืžืŸ", ื“ืื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืœืฆื“ ื‘ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœืจ ื•ื’'ืง ื‘ืœืืง ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื”ืกืื˜ื™ืจื™ "ืจืขื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™". ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ื’ื™ืœืžื• ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ื™ื, ื›ืฉื“ืื•ื ื™ ื’ื™ืœื ืืช ืงื™ืจืง ืœื–ืจื•ืก, ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ ืžืชื•ื“ื™ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืคืจืกื™ ืื•ืกืงืจ ืืš ื’ื ืฉืงื•ืข ื‘ืขืฆืžื•. ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืžื•ืฉืงืข ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื. ืœื–ืจื•ืก ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืœื ืกืžืœ ืžื—ืœืงื” ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ืื•ืกื™ืจื™ืก. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืจื™ืš ืืช ื“ืื•ื ื™ ืœืขื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ื”ื” ื•ืคื™ืื”. ื’ื ืกื˜ื™ืœืจ ื•ื’ื ื“ืื•ื ื™ ื—ืฉืฉื• ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื“ืื•ื ื™ ื™ืขื•ืจืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ืืš ื”ืงืจื ืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื™ืฆื ืœืืงืจื ื™ื ื‘-13 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2008 ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืขื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ 83% ื•-71 ืœืคื™ ืืชืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช Rotten Tomatoes ื•-Metacritic, ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”. ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ื–ื™ื›ื” ืืช ื“ืื•ื ื™ ื‘ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœืื•ืกืงืจ ืœืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืคืจืก ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก ื”ื–ื”ื‘.
ืœืกืจื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื ื™ืชื ื• ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื 83% ื‘ืืชืจ Rotten Tomatoes ื•-71 ื‘ืืชืจ Metacritic.
fcfc88a4-e1c8-44bf-b526-f692cba4d982
ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘2003?
ืื”ืจืŸ ื‘ืจืง
ื‘-19 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2003, ื™"ื– ื‘ืื“ืจ ื' ื”'ืชืฉืก"ื’, ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”-16. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื•ื, ื“ื•ื“ ืจื•ื–ืŸ, ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘ื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช (ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื“ืœืžืŸ), ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ืืช ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื”ืจืŸ ื‘ืจืง ืขืœ "ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช" ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื›ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืœื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื›ืจืกืžืช ื‘"ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช", ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื˜ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื™ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืง" ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”. ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชื ืชืงื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื“ื—ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืฉืืœ ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ืคืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืขืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืœืกื›ืœื”. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื ื”ื’ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืคื•ืง, ืœืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืง ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืงืจืข ื‘ืขื. ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ื’ื ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฉ ืงื˜ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืจ ื”ื–ื™ืชื™ื.
ืื”ืจืŸ ื‘ืจืง ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003.
3419d388-2aad-42ea-87ff-a0241fac31b4
ืžื” ืœืžื“ ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช?
ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื
ื‘ื ืขื•ืจื™ื• ืœืžื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื“ืŸ ืคื’ื™ืก ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืžื™ื—ื™. ื”ื™ื” ื—ื ื™ืš ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžืฆื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1957 ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืฆื”"ืœ ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืงืจื‘ื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1958 ืกื™ื™ื ืงื•ืจืก ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจืช ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืงืž"ืŸ ืื™ืœืช. ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ืฉื™ืจืช ื›ืขื•ื–ืจ ืงืž"ืŸ ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 16, ืงืž"ืŸ ืื•ื’ื“ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ืชื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื›ืงืฆื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ื—ืค"ืง ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” 55 ืฉืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ืจื™ื—ื•, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื›ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื“ืจื’ืช ืจื‘-ืกืจืŸ, ืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืจืช ื‘ืื•ื’ื“ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ืช 720. ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ืจื‘-ืกืจืŸ. ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ืœืžื“ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.
ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ืœืžื“ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช.
a1d92ed1-d7de-4c14-b480-b40513c6e7d2
ืžื”ื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ืก ืœื™?
ืฉื‘ืฅ ืžื•ื—ื™ ืืฉืจ ื ื’ืจื ืœื• ืžื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉืœื’ื•ืคื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจืขื” ืืœื™ื”
ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืœื™, ืฆืฆื• ืžืกืคืจ ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงืฉืจ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืจืข ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืื“ื ื—ื–ืง, ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืืชืœื˜ื™ - ื›ืš ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื• - ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื•ืขื•ื“ื ื” ืกืงืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื›ื–ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ (32). ื—ืจืฃ ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืฉื•ืช, ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื "ื”ื•ืฆื ื—ื•ื–ื”" ืขืœ ืจืืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ - ืœื ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’ ื•ืœื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืœื™ ืœื ื ืคื˜ืจ ืื• ื ื”ืจื’ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืž"ืžื›ืช ืžื•ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื”ื™ืช" ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืžืŸ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ืืœื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืžืฉื‘ืฅ ืžื•ื—ื™ ืืฉืจ ื ื’ืจื ืœื• ืžื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉืœื’ื•ืคื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจืขื” ืืœื™ื” (ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื–ืงื• ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขืœื™ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ: ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ืก ืœื™, ืœืคื™ื” ื ืคืฆืข ืœื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืขื ืืžืŸ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืื—ืจ, ืฉื ืœื—ื ืžื•ืœื• ืžื˜ืขื ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืืžื ื™ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื-ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื™ืœืžื“ ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื).
ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ืก ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื‘ืฅ ืžื•ื—ื™ ืฉื ื’ืจื ืžืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจืขื” ืœืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉื ื˜ืœ.
ff0984ec-0f7a-46cd-97dc-36d1d807cdf0
ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืœื™ ืคืกืœ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ?
ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื”
ืœื™ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ "ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ืžืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช", ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืืžื™ืจืชื• "ืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ (ืœืš), ื•ื–ืจื•ืง ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจ ืชื•ืขืœืช (ืขื‘ื•ืจืš)", ื‘ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœื›ืš ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžืชืจื’ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉืชื• (ื’'ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืŸ ื“ื•) ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ ืจืง ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชื•ืขืœืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื•, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืงืจื‘ื™ืช (ืœื™ ืœื ื ื”ื’ ืœืฉื™ื ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื”). ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ืœื™ ื›"ื—ืกืจื™ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžืขื™ืงืจื", ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืžืชืจื’ืœ ืื•ืชื. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ืคืกืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื” (ืงืื˜ื•ืช) ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืจื’ื•ืœ, ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืชืจื’ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื•ืœื ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื• ืœืคืชื— ืชืคื™ืกื” ืงืจื‘ื™ืช ื–ื•ืจืžืช ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื”. ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื•ื ืขืจื•ืชื• ืืžื ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืกื“ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื“.
ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืฉืœื™ ืคืกืœ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
44b3b099-0559-4be9-a492-e548f9113810
ืžื™ ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจ ืื ื˜ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื ื˜ ื•ื™ืงืœื™?
ื ื™ืง ืจื•ืžื ื•
ื”ื˜ืจื™ื™ืœืจ ื•ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื•ืคืฆื• ื‘-8 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2021. ื ื™ืง ืจื•ืžื ื• ืžื”ืืชืจ "ืื ื˜ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื ื˜ ื•ื™ืงืœื™" ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื™ืœืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื”ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืกื™ืคืงื• ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ "ืžื” ืื...?" ืฉื”ืกื“ืจื” ืชื—ืงื•ืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ืื—ื™ื“ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื "ืกืคื™ื™ื“ืจืžืŸ: ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”" (2021) ื•"ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื’' ื‘ืžืžื“ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ" (2022). ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ืจื˜ื ื‘ืจื’ ืžื”ืืชืจ "The Verge" ื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ื™ืœืจ "ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ ื›ื”" ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื”. ืจื™ื™ืฆ'ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ื˜ื” ืžื”ืืชืจ "Screen Rant" ื”ืขื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื˜ืจื™ื™ืœืจ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” "ื ืกื™ืขื” ืคืจื•ืขื”" ืขื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉ"ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื“ืžื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืžืฆื™ืฆื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื ื•.
ื ื™ืง ืจื•ืžื ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืืชืจ ืื ื˜ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื ื˜ ื•ื™ืงืœื™.
84de36f7-ee37-4b30-b774-395f27fc36bd
ืžื™ ืขื‘ื“ ืขื ืื ื“ืจื•ื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉื” ืœืกื“ืจื”?
ืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืจื“ื™ื ื’
ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืจ ื’ืจืคื™ืงืช ืชืœืช-ืžืžื“ ื”ื ืงืจืืช "Cel shading", ืขื ื”ื ืคืฉื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืžืจืื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื. ืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืจื“ื™ื ื’, ืจืืฉ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืœืคื ื™ ืžืืจื•ื•ืœ, ืขื‘ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื ื“ืจื•ื– ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื ืคืฉื” ืœืกื“ืจื”, ืฉื‘ืจืื“ืœื™ ืชื™ืืจ ื›"ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™" ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืจืื“ืœื™ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ื™ ืื•ืœืคื ื™ ืžืืจื•ื•ืœ "ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืœื˜ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื, ื‘ืชืื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ" ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืกืจื˜ ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืืงืฉืŸ. ืื•ืœืคืŸ ื”ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” "Squeeze" ืขื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื”. ื”ืื ื™ืžื˜ื•ืจ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืจื ืง ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืจืืฉ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื”ื ืคืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื“ืจื”.
ืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืจื“ื™ื ื’ ืขื‘ื“ ืขื ืื ื“ืจื•ื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉื” ืœืกื“ืจื”.
cdbd0464-ae31-4fe4-8cf8-aedb47a90013
ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืงื• ื–ื” ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ืคื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช?
ื‘ืฉืœ ื ื•ืคื• ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื ื—ืœ ืฉื•ืจืง
ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•: ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ โ€“ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ โ€“ ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื โ€“ ืžืœื—ื” ืฉื•ื“ืจื’ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืคืขืœ. ืงื• ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื™ืคื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื‘ืฉืœ ื ื•ืคื• ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื ื—ืœ ืฉื•ืจืง - ืœืื•ืจื›ื• ืžืชืคืชืœืช ื”ืžืกื™ืœื”. ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื”ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื• ื–ื”. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื‘ืข, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ืžื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื”ืืจื•ืš (ื›-110 ื“ืงื•ืช) ืžืชื—ื ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืขื“ ืชื—ื ืช ืžืœื—ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžืชื•ื•ืื™ ื ืกื™ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช, ื”ืขื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื•ืช ืžืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ. ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื• ืจื›ื‘ืช ื–ื” ืœืžืฉืชืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื” ืฉืœื•: ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ 1.
ืงื• ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื ื•ืคื• ื”ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื ื—ืœ ืฉื•ืจืง.
a45026b8-0313-4a23-91ba-b51f7830ef08
ืœืื™ื–ื• ืฉืคื” ืจืฆื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื?
ืขื‘ืจื™ืช
ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืžื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื‘ืจื”ื ื›ื”ื ื ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ื™ ืืจืžื™ืช "ืื™ื ื” ืฉืคืช ืขืžื ื•, ื•ื”ืจื™ ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืœื›ืืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœืฉื•ื ื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ืœืžื” ืœื ื• ืฉืคื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื• ... ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื–ื•, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืฉืคืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”". ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ: "ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื—ื–"ืœ ื ื”ื’ื• ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื™ืชื™ืจื” ื•ื™ืจืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืืจืžื™ืช". ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคื“ืจื‘ื•ืฉ ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืืจืžื™ืช. ื›ื ื’ื“ื ื™ืฆื ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืœืืš ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืืจืžื™ืช ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืืจืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช, ื”ื’ื˜ ื•ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื ืกื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ืชื‘: "ื”ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ืืจืžื™ืช ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช ืžื“ื•ืจื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ... ืจื•ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืืจืžื™ืช ื•ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืœืชืจื’ืžื ื•ืœืฉื›ื—ื". ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื ืงืจื ืชื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคื” ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืืš ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืจืžื™ืช.
fact: ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืืœื™ื” ืจืฆื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช.
1c6dda48-18e6-4525-97b2-fb25ba45c739
ืื™ื–ื• ืกื•ื’ ืžื–ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฉ ื’ื“ื?
ืจืข
ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืงืจื ื“ืจืš ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื–"ืœ ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืืจืžื™ืช. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช: ืื’ืจื” (=ืฉื›ืจ), ื‘ืจ (=ื‘ืŸ), ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื”, ื‘ืขืชื”, ื‘ื—ืฉ (=ืขืจื‘ื‘), ื’ื•ืฉืคื ืงื (=ื—ื•ืชืžืช), ื“ื•ื•ืงื (=ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง), ื“ื—ืœื™ืœ, ื–ื‘ืŸ (ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื—: "ื“ื–ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื™ ื–ื•ื–ื™"), ืื™ืœืŸ (=ืขืฅ), ื’ืœื™ืžื” (=ืžืขื™ืœ), ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ (=ืœืื—ืจ ืžืขืฉื”), ื—ืจืš, ื˜ื ืฃ, ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” (=ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื), ืืชืจ (ืžืงื•ื), ื›ืคืŸ (=ืจืขื‘, ื‘ื”ื’ื“ื”: "ื›ืœ ื“ื›ืคื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืชื™ ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ืœ"), ื’ืœื™ื“ื” (ืงืจื—), ืœืืคื•ืงื™ (ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื - ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืคืงื”/ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœืื•ืจ), ืžื ืคื™ืง, ืžืกื•ืง, ืžืกืงื ื”, ืžืฉื›ื ืชื, ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื•ืืฃ ืขื›ื•ื–. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืืจืžื™ืช ืฉื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช: ื”ื—ืœ ืž: ื“ื ืขืงื (=ื–ืืช ื”ืฆืจื”) ื•ื‘ื™ืฉ ื’ื“ื (="ืจืข ืžื–ืœ"), ื•ืขื“ ืฉื•ืคืจื ื“ืฉื•ืคืจื (="ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ื‘"), ืื™ืคื›ื ืžืกืชื‘ืจื (="ื”ื”ืคืš ืžืกืชื‘ืจ"), ืกื’ื™ ื ื”ื•ืจ (="ืจื‘ ืื•ืจ" = ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ: ืืžื™ืจืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ื™ืคื•ื›ื•), ื‘ืจ-ืžื™ื ืŸ (ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช "ืœื ืขืœื™ื ื•"=ืžืช) ื•ื‘ืจื ืฉ (ื‘ืŸ-ืื“ื). ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืื‘ื", "ืืžื", "ืกื‘ื", "ืกื‘ืชื", ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื•, ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช, ืฉืฉื™ืžื•ืฉืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืกืคืจื•ืชื™, ืžืืจืžื™ืช. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื: "ืกื‘ื ืจื‘ื", ื•ื›ืŸ "ืกื‘ืชื ืจื‘ืชื", ืžืชื™ื™ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ - ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืื• ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ - ืœืืจืžื™ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื (ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœื›ืื•ืจื”). ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืชืื–ืจื—ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ืืจืžื™ืช ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื (ืœืžืฉืœ 'ื›ื•ืœื™ ืขืœืžื', 'ืžื›ืœืœื', 'ืจื™ืฉื ื•ืกื™ืคื').
ื‘ื™ืฉ ื’ื“ื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืžื–ืœ ืจืข.
12c30eb8-8d7a-4368-b292-59dd53418136
ืžื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื?
ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”
ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื, ืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืชื™ื”, ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื‘ื“ืจื’ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืงื™ื•ื ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื™ืžื•ื ืŸ ื•ืงื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื”ืžืชื›ื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื•ื–ืืช ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื‘ืงืฉืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™-ื”ืจืืฉ. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืœ ืžืชืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืขืช ืงื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื.
ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื.
1679697d-09f9-47f9-9938-cc74080dfd16
ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืกื˜?
ื’'ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ
ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืืœืกื‘ืจื’, ืฉื”ื•ืืฉื ื‘ื”ื“ืœืคืช "ืžืกืžื›ื™ ื”ืคื ื˜ื’ื•ืŸ". ื‘-26 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ ื•ืœื™ื“ื™, ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื, ืคืจืฆื• ืœืžืฉืจื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืœ ื‘ืืœืกื‘ืจื’, ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืขืจืขืจ ืืช ืขื“ื•ืชื•. ื”ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื ืœื ืžืฆืื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื. ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื—ืฉืฃ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืขืกืง ื‘ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขื“ ืื–. ื”ื–ืขื–ื•ืข ืฉื’ืจื ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘-30 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ: ื’'ื•ืŸ ืืจืœื™ื›ืžืŸ (John Ehrlichman) ื•ื”ืืจื™ ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ (H. R. Haldeman); ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืคืจืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื”ื›ืœืœื™ (ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื’'ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ), ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ (Richard Kleindienst). ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืืœื”, ืคื•ื˜ืจ ื’ื ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ื’'ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ.
ื’'ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืกื˜.
e588da63-a305-4133-b03b-30593d90656f
ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ื–ืจื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ?
ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื‘ื˜ืจืคื™ืœื“
ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืจืขื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ื–ืขื–ื•ืข ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื—ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ. ื”ืชืคื ื™ืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื”, ื”ืกื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืืจื“ ื‘ื™ื™ืงืจ, ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช: "ืžื” ื™ื“ืข ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืชื™ ื™ื“ืข ื–ืืช?". ื‘-13 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ื ืฉืืœ ืขื•ื–ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื‘ื˜ืจืคื™ืœื“, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ. ื‘ื˜ืจืคื™ืœื“ ืขื ื”: "ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืฉื•ืืœ ื–ืืช" ื•ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื‘ืื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ, ืฉืื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืกื’ืœื’ืœ. ืชื’ืœื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื–ื• ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ืคืจืฉื”. ื‘-18 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ืจื” ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื”, ืืš ืฆืขื“ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™; ื‘-23 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื”ืชื•ื‘ืข ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื ืื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื”ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื–ื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื›ื™ ืืœื• ื™ืกื™ื™ืขื• ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื—ืœืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืจืฉื”.
ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื‘ื˜ืจืคื™ืœื“ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื–ืจื• ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื ื™ืงืกื•ืŸ.
6479643f-8fae-4e58-b4b2-e57f8582ff80
ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœืงื— ืขื“ ืฉื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”DNA ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”RNA?
ืฉื ื™ื ืžืขื˜ื•ืช
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฉืขืจืช ืขื•ืœื ื”-RNA ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืž-RNA ืฉืžื™ืœื ื”ืŸ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืžืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ืฉืžืžืœื ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”-DNA. ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื–ื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”-RNA ื ืขื˜ืฃ ื‘ืงืจื•ื ืœื™ืคื™ื“ื™, ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ืกื‘ืจื• ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื›ื™ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”-RNA ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›-"ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ืขื–ืจ" ืœืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ื ื‘-DNA. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื–ื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืงืจืช ืชืขืชื•ืง ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืงื˜ืœื™ื–ื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื” ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”-RNA ื›ื ืฉื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื’ื™ืคื™ื ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืขืจืช ืขื•ืœื ื”-RNA.
ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืชืื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื•DNA ื‘ืžืงื•ื RNA ืืจื›ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืžืขื˜ื•ืช.
87fa5859-78bf-4e6a-9ff4-0877ad09d7ff
ืœืžื” ื ื•ืขื“ื• ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช?
ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื“ืจืš, ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ Gmail ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืืกืคืงื” ืฉืœ "ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช" ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช Gmail ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื. ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช ื ืฉืœื— ื‘ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžืื™, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœื›ืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™. ืžืืžืฆืข ื™ื•ื ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื’'ื™ืžื™ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœ-3 ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื. ื‘-2 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2005 ืžืžืฉืง ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื•ืคืจ, ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืฉืช ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ. ื‘-3 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2005 ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ Gmail ืžืขื ืง ืฉืœ 50 ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ 100 ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ืฉึพGmail ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช.
ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื.
9848891c-f65d-4b37-af71-b3b8a82bc3ba
ืœืื™ื–ื• ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื”ื’ืจื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื?
ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
ื‘ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืœืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื”, ืœืคื ื™ ื›-250 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”, ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื‘ืืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื”ื ื™ืื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช, ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืืฃ ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื. ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ืœืคื ื™ 45 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” ืขื“ 28 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื” (ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืช ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืง ื’ื™ื‘ืจืœื˜ืจ) ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืจืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืฉืช. ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืืœื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื›ืœื™ ืขืฆื ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจื™ื ื™ืืงื™ืช, ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจื‘ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืœื ื™ืช. ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืฉืจื“ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ืคืจื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฆืœืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืก ื•ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืงื™ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช.
ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
07f39af4-fd65-493b-a7e7-2f176b4d654d
ื›ืžื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืื™ ืขื“ 1910?
ื›-450,000
ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ืื™ ืขื“ 1968, ืืš ื ืฉืžืจื• ื‘ืื™ ื”ืฉืคื”, ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1835 ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื” ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืื•ืจื™ืฆื™ื•ืก ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ื•ืช ืงื ื” ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืื“ื ื–ื•ืœ, ืฉื›ืจื• ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื (ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ืงื•ืœื™ื). ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืฆืœ ืžืขืกื™ืง ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš 10 ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืขืกื™ืง ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืฉื›ืจ, ืœืœื™ื ื” ื•ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืชื ืื™ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืชื ืื™ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื•, ืืš ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืฉื•ืคืจ ืžืฆื‘ื ื•ื–ืจื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื ืคืกืง. ืž-1834 ืขื“ 1910, ืฉืื– ื”ื•ืคืกืง ืžื ื”ื’ ื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืื™ ื›-450,000 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื“ื• ื›ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื 150,000 ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื™. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-1871 ื”ื™ื•ื• ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื 68% ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ื•ืื—ื•ื– ื–ื” ื ืฉืืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ืฆืืฆืื™ ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™, ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื›ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข. ื”ืžืชื—ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื“ืชื™ื™ื ื’ืจืžื• ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ื. ื”ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื™ืืŸ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘-1968, ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ืŸ ื ืืœืฅ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช.
ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1910, ื›-450,000 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืื™ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™.
04dd9e14-672d-4372-be03-823592a7340a
ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืฉื ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื‘ืžืื•ืจื™ืฆื™ื•ืก ืœืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™?
1992
ืžืื•ืจื™ืฆื™ื•ืก ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘-12 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1968. ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืจื™ืฆื™ื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืžื•ืฆื ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืกืจ ืกื™ื•ื•ืกืื’ื•ืจ ืจืืžื’ื•ืœื (Seewoosagur Ramgoolam), ืจืืฉ ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืจื™ืฆื™ื•ืก. ืžืื•ืจื™ืฆื™ื•ืก ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ืžืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื•ืžืœื›ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ืฉืื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืœื›ืช ืžืื•ืจื™ืฆื™ื•ืก, ื•ืžื™ื ืชื” ืžื•ืฉืœื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืื™. ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื” ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ืช ื”"ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืจื™ืฆื™ื•ืก", ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื• ืืช ืžืื•ืจื™ืฆื™ื•ืก ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืื–. ื‘-1992 ืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืœืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™.
ื‘ืžืื•ืจื™ืฆื™ื•ืก ืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ืœืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1992.
1b9ad72a-73b3-4650-b650-95f2ecbfc1f7
ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื ื ื ืœืงื—ื• ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1978?
ื›-700
ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1978 ื ืชืคืกื• ื›-700 ื“ื•ื ื ืžืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจืงื” ื•ืกื™ืœืช ื-ื“'ืื”ืจ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื (ืฆื• ืชืคื™ืกื” 4/78), ื•ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื”ื™ืื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื "ืžืขืœื” ื ื—"ืœ" ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™-ื‘ื™ืช"ืจ, ืฉืื•ื–ืจื—ื” ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ืชื ื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1980. ื‘ืžืกืžืš ืฆื‘ืื™ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉื ืฉืœื— ืœืžืกืคืจ ื ืžืขื ื™ื ื‘-24 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1980 ื ื›ืชื‘ ื›ืš: "ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”: ืœืื–ืจื— ืืช ื”ื™ืื—ื–ื•ืช ื ื—"ืœ ืžืขืœื” ื ื—"ืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืžืคืจืกื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ื”ืŸ ืœืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช". ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคืงืขื• ื”ืŸ ืื“ืžื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืจืฉืžื• ื‘ื˜ืื‘ื• ืขืœ ืฉืžื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื. ืฆื• ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื•ืฆื ื‘"ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ืžื ื™", ืืš ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืชื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืคืงื“ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ืœื ืชืืจื™ืš ืคืงื™ืขื”.
ื›-700 ื“ื•ื ื ื ืœืงื—ื• ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื‘-1 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 1978.
3b7d7494-2b64-4afd-8272-a08a1e237129
ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืžืœืื™ื”?
35,000
ืžืฆื‘ ื“ื•ืžื” ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืžืœืื™ื”, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืžืจื™ื“ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1948. ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืจืฆ'ื™ืœ ื™ืจืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ืจ ืฆ'ืจืฆ'ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžื ืกื” ืœื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช ืขื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื™ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• 35,000 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืœืื™ื”, ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช ืžืžื ื” ื ื”ื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”. ืขื ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืœ ื›ื™ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ืกืคื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1953 ื”ื—ืœื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืชืŸ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืœืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ ื•ืœืฉืืจ ืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืชืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1955, ื™ืžื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืจืฆ'ื™ืœ, ื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1957 ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืžืœืื™ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžืื•ืชื”.
fact: 35,000 ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืžืœืื™ื”.
16aca1d1-27a4-4694-aa10-a03c5dcbc440
ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•, ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืก ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™?
ืคืจื ืฆ'ื™
ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกืคืงื˜ื•ืจ, ืจื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืืœื™ืืก, ื ืžืœื˜ ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืคืœืฉ ืœืฆ'ื›ื•ืกืœื•ื‘ืงื™ื”. ืžืืจืง ืกืคืงื˜ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื•ืืžื• ืžืชื” ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ืกืคืงื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•, ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ืœื—ื ื‘ืืœื• ื”ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•. ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคืชื— ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื“ื™ืกื•ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื’ืจื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื ื˜ ื•ื’'ื™ื™ืง, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ืœืืฉืคื– ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ืœื—ื•ืœื™ ื ืคืฉ ืขื“ ืœืžื•ืชื•. ืกืคืงื˜ื•ืจ ื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•, ืžืžื ื” ื‘ืจื— ื›ืฉืฉืžืข ืงื•ืœ ื‘ืจืืฉื•. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ื ื—ืชื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ื•ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื—ืชื™ื ื”ืคืš ืœืกื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”-CIA. ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืžืช ืžื•ืœื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืงืจื•ืก ื•ืื—ื™ื•, ืจื ื“ืœ. ืจื ื“ืœ ื”ืจื’ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืคืงื˜ื•ืจ ืขื ื’ืจื–ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืžื–ื™ืžืช ืกื—ืจ ืœื-ื—ื•ืงื™ ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง, ื•ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืกืคืงื˜ื•ืจ ื–ืจืง ืขืœื™ื• ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ ื™ื“ ื•ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื•ืช. ื›ืฉืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”-CIA ื ืขืฉื” ืกืคืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœืฉื›ื™ืจ ื—ืจื‘. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื“ื“ ืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืก ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื–'ืืŸ-ืคื•ืœ ื“ื•ืฉืืžืค, ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื ื‘ืฉื ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื” "ืคืจื ืฆ'ื™".
ืคืจื ืฆ'ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื ืชืŸ ืกืคืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืก ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™.
4d875495-2b4e-4344-bef4-6751fe18f94b
ืžื™ ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืืœื• ืฉื ืกืขื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”?
ืกืคืงื˜ื•ืจ
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืกืคืงื˜ื•ืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืื•ื•ื ื’'ืจืก ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™. ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—'ื•ื ืกื• ืขื™ืฆื‘ ื”ื•ืงืื™ื™ ืืจืกื ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ืกืคืงื˜ื•ืจ. ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชื— ืงืฉืจ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ืขื ื˜ื™ื™ื’ืจื”, ืฉื”ื•ื–ื ื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ืคืจืฆื” ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื” ื›ื™ ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืงืื™ื™ ืžื•ืงื™ื ื’ื‘ื™ืจื“, ื ื˜ืฉื” ืืช ืคื ื˜ื•ื ืจื™ื™ื“ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืœืžื•ืช, ืื ื›ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืชืงืฃ ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช. ืกืคืงื˜ื•ืจ, ื˜ื™ื™ื’ืจื” ื•ืžื•ืงื™ื ื’ื‘ื™ืจื“ ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ืœืฆื“ ื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช ื•ื ืื‘ืงื• ื‘ืžืฉืžืจืช ื”ืœื™ืœื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื• ืขื ื“ื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืœืกื˜ืจื•ื ืขืœ ืจื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืคื ื˜ื•ื ืจื™ื™ื“ืจ ื”ืจื•ื“ืคืช ืืช ืžื•ืงื™ื ื’ื‘ื™ืจื“, ื’ื™ืœื” ืกืคืงื˜ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื—'ื•ื ืกื• ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ืฉืžืชื•, ื•ื”ื•ืกืจ ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืœืกื˜ืจื•ื.
ืกืคืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืืœื• ืฉื ืกืขื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”.
c8b224d8-3d22-452a-8dad-37632760c725
ืื™ื–ื” ื’ื– ื ืžืก ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืžืกืช ืกืœืข ื’ื™ืจื™?
CO2
ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืงืจืกื˜ - ื”ืžืกืช ืกืœืข ื’ื™ืจื™ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืขืจื•ืช, ื‘ื•ืœืขื ื™ื, ื ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื•ืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืกืœืข ื˜ืจืฉื™ื™ื, ื”ืŸ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืžืกืช CO2 ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ - ื‘ื’ืฉื, ื‘ื˜ืœ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื• ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืื™ื˜ื. ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ื, ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ืžืกืช ื”ืกืœืข ื”ื’ื™ืจื™, ื•ืœื”ื•ืคืขืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื•. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื’ื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืงืจืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืชืช-ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ ืชื”ื•ื ืฉืชื—ืช ืื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ ืชื”ื•ื ืชื—ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื™ ืชื”ื•ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื. ื“ื•-ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ืื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื - ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ืืš ื’ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื.
CO2 ื”ื•ื ื’ื– ื”ื ืžืก ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืžืกืช ืกืœืข ื’ื™ืจื™.
dd10f161-a1ec-43d7-96f7-2817fbd3cdb8
ืžืชื™ ื™ืฆื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ "ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื‘ื™ืœ"?
2003
ืขืœ ืืฃ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืง ื›ืกืจื˜ ื”ืžืœื—ืžืชื™ "ืžืžื–ืจื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“", ื‘ื™ืœื” ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-2000 ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ "ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื‘ื™ืœ", ื“ืจืžืช ื ืงืžื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืœื–'ืื ืจื™ื ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืกืจื˜ื™ "ื•ื•ืฉื™ื”" (ืกืจื˜ื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืกื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื), ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ื™ื, ืžืขืจื‘ื•ื ื™ ืกืคื’ื˜ื™, ื•ืกืจื˜ื™ ืื™ืžื” ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื "ื’'ืืœื•" ("Giallo", ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช: "ืฆื”ื•ื‘"). ื”ืกืจื˜ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื›ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”"ืื ื™ืžื”" (ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ื ืคืฉื” ื™ืคื ื™ืช). ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ (ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœืืงืจื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2003 ื•-2004 ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”) ื”ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžืŸ. ืžืฉื—ืงื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื” ืชื•ืจืžืŸ ื›"ื›ืœื”" ื”ืจืฆื—ื ื™ืช, ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ืžืชืจื“ืžืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื ืงื•ื ื‘ืžืขื ื™ื”, ืฉืคืจืฆื• ืœื—ื–ืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื˜ืงืก ื—ืชื•ื ืชื”, ื•ืจืฆื—ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื, ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื›ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื›ื“ืจื™ืœ ื”ืื ื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจื•ืฆื—ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืขื™ืŸ ืื—ืช, ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืงืืจืื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืœ, ื•ืœื•ืกื™ ืœื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืื•-ืจืŸ ืื™-ืฉื™ื™. ื”ืกืจื˜ ืืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืกืคื’ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• "ืฉืคืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ื™ืช".
ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ "ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื‘ื™ืœ" ื™ืฆื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003.
8912c6f0-7f6c-4adf-9a5e-aefa30194511
ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืกืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื ื• ืจืง ืกืฆื ื” ืื—ืช?
"ืขื™ืจ ื”ื—ื˜ืื™ื"
ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005 ื‘ื™ื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื ื• ืกืฆื ื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ืขื™ืจ ื”ื—ื˜ืื™ื". ื‘ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืขื” ื‘ืกื“ืจื” "ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ืคืฉืข" (CSI). ืคืจืงื™ื ืืœื•, ืฉืื•ืจื›ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ื•ื ื›ืื•ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข, ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื ื•. ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื—ื•ืงืจ ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ื ื›ืœื ื‘ืชื ืฉืงื•ืฃ ื•ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ืื“ืžื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืœื—ืœืฆื• (ืกืฆื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ "ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื‘ื™ืœ 2".) ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื ื• โ€“ ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื”ืฉื ื•ืŸ, ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ืขื‘ืจ, ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™ื™ื, ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื ืืฃ ื‘ืคืจืงื™ื ืืœื•. ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ื‘ืžืื™ ื‘ืคืจืงื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœืคืจืก ืืžื™.
ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ื™ื ืจืง ืกืฆื ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ืขื™ืจ ื”ื—ื˜ืื™ื".
992dcf97-4109-426e-b7ff-2b37ec408084
ืœืžื™ ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื™ ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘"ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช"?
ืœืžืคื"ื™
ื—ืœืคื• ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉ"ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช" ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ ืžื•ืœ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื• "ืžืขืจื™ื‘", ืฉื ืฉื ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-20 ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ืกืžื” "ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”". ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื ืžื›ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืœืื™ืฉ ืžืคื"ื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืขื‘ืจ ื—ืœืงื• ืฉืœ ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืžืคื"ื™. ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืจ ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžื•ื–ืก ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื. ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืš ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆื ื‘ื”ืชืžื“ื”. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืขืจ ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” โ€“ 60 ืืœืฃ ืœ"ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช" ื•-180 ืืœืฃ ืœ"ืžืขืจื™ื‘". ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืคื ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืžืชื ื” ืฉืงื“ืžื” ืœื” ื™ื–ื ื ื— ืžื•ื–ืก ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื™ ืžื•ืฆืœื—: ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืงื• ื—ื™ื ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ื™ืกื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ื ื—ืฉืคื• ืœืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ืœืœ. ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืชืคื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื•ื•ืช. ืชืคื•ืฆืช "ืžืขืจื™ื‘" ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื™ืจื“ื” ื•ืฉืœ "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช" ืขืœืชื”. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืฉืขื™ื ื™ืจื“ื” ืชืคื•ืฆืช "ืžืขืจื™ื‘" ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžืื” ืืœืฃ ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื, ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืชืคื•ืฆืช "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช" ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื™ ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช" ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืคื"ื™.
3fa26ed4-ade3-4700-a457-4c826d2716c4
ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืคื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช"?
33 ืืœืฃ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื
ื‘-15 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1948 ืขื–ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืจืš ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ืงืจืœื™ื‘ืš, ื•ื™ืฆืจื” ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืขืจื™ื‘" (ืœื™ืžื™ื "ืžืขืจื™ื‘"). ืื–, ื”ื—ืœ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ืชืคื•ืฆื” ื•ื™ื•ืงืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžืชื—ืจื”, ื ืงืœืข "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช" ืœืžืฆื•ืงื”, ื•ื ืื‘ืง ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื•. ืชืคื•ืฆืช "ืžืขืจื™ื‘" ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœ-25 ืืœืฃ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื•ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืืฃ ืœ-33 ืืœืฃ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื. ืชืคื•ืฆืช "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช" ืฆื ื—ื”, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืง, ืฉื™ืœื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื•ื–ืก ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืฆื• ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื™ืงืจืื• ื‘ืงื•ืœ "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช". ืžื•ื–ืก ืœื ื”ื™ืกืก ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืกื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืœื›ื• ื•ื’ื“ืœื•. ื ื— ืžื•ื–ืก ืœืงื— ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืชื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื• ืขื–ื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ ื”"ืคื•ื˜ืฉ", ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”ื. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื ืจืื• ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืžืกื’ื™ืจื” ืืคืกื™ื™ื. ื‘"ืžืขืจื™ื‘" ืฉื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืงืจืœื™ื‘ืš ื”ืชืจื›ื–ื• ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื•ื“ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜. ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘"ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช" ื•ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืจื•ื‘ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™. "ืžืขืจื™ื‘" ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืืœ ืœื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืืคื™ื™ื ื” ืืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”: ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื, ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช. ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืชืชื—ืจื” ื‘"ืžืขืจื™ื‘".
ืชืคื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช" ื”ื™ืชื” 33 ืืœืฃ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื.
e595c180-0036-403c-8c43-b106a6c53c81
ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉื ื•ื ื™ ืžื•ื–ืก ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉื—ื“?
ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•
ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2017 ื ื—ืงืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื ื•ื ื™ ืžื•ื–ืก ื‘ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืชื—ืช ืื–ื”ืจื” ื‘ื—ืฉื“ ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื—ื“ ืืช ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื™ืง 2000. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื, ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืชืคืกื” ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืžื•ื–ืก ื›ื™ "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช" ื™ืฉื ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืืฃ ื™ืžื ื” ืœืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•, ืื ื™ื“ืื’ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืคื•ื’ืขืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช". ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื’ื‘ืชื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื ืืช ืขื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ, ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื ื’ื“ ื ื•ื ื™ ืžื•ื–ืก ื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื–ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉื—ื“ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฉืคื˜ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื•.
ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชื ื™ื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉื ื•ื ื™ ืžื•ื–ืก ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉื—ื“.
8a4171c7-9196-4e3e-9a18-fc0be60de380
ืžืชื™ ืคื•ืจืงื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช "ืกื“"ื’"?
1956
ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืœ ืกื‘ืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1956 ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ืงื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืžื›ืžื•ืจืช ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช "ืกื“"ื’" (ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ื’). ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืฉืžื ืชื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื” ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืกื™ืจื•ืช ื“ื™ื’, ื”ื™ื” ืจืก"ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืจื•ืชื, ื“ื™ื™ื’ ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื™ื (ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ื›"ืœ "ืฆื™ื"). ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืฆื™ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื’ ืฉืฉื’ืฉื’ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช. ืœื›ืœ ืกืคื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉื ืงืจื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื. ืงื‘ืจื ื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื• ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“, ื‘ืงืจืช ืืฉ, ื‘ืงืจืช ื ื–ืงื™ื ื•ื›ื•'. ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ืกื• ื”ื•ืชืงื ื• ื›ื ื™ื ืœืชื•ืชื—ื™ ืื•ืจืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื“ื• ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืงืฉืจ. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืจืงื• ื›ืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื•ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืกื™ื•ืจ. ื”ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืกื•ื• ื•ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ืกื•ื“, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื“ื™ื’ ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืกืคื™ื ืช ื“ื™ื’ ืชื—ืฉื“ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช.
ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช "ืกื“"ื’" ืคื•ืจืงื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1956.
a6bd4763-eee6-4b29-b5ff-ea3c37ee8e23
ืžื” ื”ื•ื PHN?
Post Herpetic Neuralgia
ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 50 ืฉื ื” ื•ืžืขืœื”, ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื• ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืจืคืก ื–ื•ืกื˜ืจ. ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื–ื•ืกื˜ืจ ืื• ื‘-PHNโ€ (Post Herpetic Neuralgia) ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ื•ื•ืจื™ืฆืœื” (ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืจื•ื—). ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื›ืฉื™ืจ ื—ื™ ืžื•ื—ืœืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ืกืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขื ื›ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ (Immunosupression). ื”ืชืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™-ืžื•ื—ืœืฉ ื•ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื—ืœื” ืžืคื•ืฉื˜ืช ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžื›ืฉืœ ืื• ื—ืกืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ (ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืื• ื ืจื›ืฉ, ืœื•ื™ืงืžื™ื”, ืœื™ืžืคื•ืžื” ืื• ืžืžืื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื— ื”ืขืฆื ืื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืœื™ืžืคื”, AIDS ืื• ืงื‘ืœืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ). ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ืœื’'ืœื˜ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ืื•ืžื™ืฆื™ืŸ ืื• ื›ืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืชืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื-ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” (ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ืช ื ื’ื“) ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
Post Herpetic Neuralgia ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
6335ee8f-fe4a-475d-8912-0d6831b1fd13
ืื™ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™?
ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™
ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ACIP (CDC), NACI ื•ืขื•ื“ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืกืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ืจืชื™ ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ 60 ื•ืžืขืœื”, ืœืœื ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื“. ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ืœื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ืงืช ื—ื•ื’ืจืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”. ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืขืœ ื’ื™ืœ 60 ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื™ื) ื™ืฉ ืœืชืช ืžื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™, ืœืคื—ื•ืช 14โ€“30 ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžื“ื›ื ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ. ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘-Acyclovir, Famciclovir, Valacyclovir ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืžืชืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืœื—ื“ืฉื• ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืชืŸ, ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืคืจื™ืขื•ืช ืœืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืคื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืืช ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
ab661a9a-e38b-4eb2-986b-700c23793f08
ืžื” ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืœืžื™ืœื” "Cow"?
Kuh
ืชื•ืคืขื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื’ืจืžืื ื™ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืื•ื›ืœื, ื•ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ืื•ืชื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ืžื™ืœื” Cow, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” "ืคืจื”", ื•ืœื” ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ื’ืจืžืื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ Kuh ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช; ืœืขื•ืžืชื”, ื”ืžื™ืœื” Beef, ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” "ื‘ืฉืจึพืคืจื”" (ื‘ืฉืจึพื‘ืงืจ), ื’ื–ื•ืจื” ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช Bล“uf ("ืฉื•ืจ"). ื–ืืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื ื•ืจืžืื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1066 ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื (ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื”ื‘ืงืจ) ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื”, ืฉืขื” ืฉืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืืฆื•ืœื” ืื•ื›ืœืช ื‘ืฉืจึพื”ื‘ืงืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช. ืฆืžื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ื Chicken ("ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช") ื•ึพPoultry ("ื‘ืฉืจ ืขื•ืฃ"); Sheep ("ื›ื‘ืฉื”") ื•ึพMutton ("ื‘ืฉืจ ื›ื‘ืฉ"); ื•ึพCalf ("ืขื’ืœ") ื•ึพVeal ("ื‘ืฉืจ ืขื’ืœ").
ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ืœืžื™ืœื” "Cow" ื”ื™ื Kuh.
72ea8531-dcae-44a8-b767-93e1ad1fa5dd
ื›ืžื” ื ืžืจื™ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2002-2003?
8
ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืžืจ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื ืืžื“ืช ื‘-200โ€“230 ืคืจื˜ื™ื. ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืžืขื˜ื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืื™ื ื‘ื ื’ื‘ ื•ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1982, ื ืชื’ืœื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ื ื—ืงืจื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ื•ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื’ื™ื•ืจื ืื™ืœื ื™. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืžืจื™ื ืฉื ืžื ืชื” ื›ืชืฉืขื” ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื” ื›ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื“ืœื“ืœื”. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2002โ€“2003, ืืฉืจ ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืœืคื™ ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช DNA ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 8 ื ืžืจื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืคื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืœืžื•ืŸ, ืžื ื”ืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ื ื ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื•ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืœื“ืขืชื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจื–ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ืจืฃ, ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 2002-2003 ืžืฆื 8 ื ืžืจื™ื.
288e8c95-43cf-4b8c-82f7-4302e72ef51f
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืกืžื ื™ื ื”ื ืžืจื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื”?
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืชืŸ, ื’ืœืœื™ื ื•ืฉืื’ื•ืช
ื”ื ืžืจ ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื˜ืจืฃ. ื”ื ืžืจ ื—ื™ ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืคืขื™ืœ ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฉื—ืจ ืœื˜ืจืฃ ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื, ืื ื”ื—ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ 32 ืžืขืœื•ืช. ื ืžืจื™ ื”ืจ ื”ื ื’ื‘ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืชืจื™ื ื”ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืœื™ื ื” ืื• ืžืืจื‘ ืœื˜ืจืฃ. ื™ืขืœื™ื, ืฉืคื ื™ ืกืœืข ื•ื“ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื–ื•ื ื, ื•ื”ื ื ื™ืฆื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืžืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื’ื ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืืจื‘. ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืฆื™ื“ ื–ื• ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืืช ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืžืจ. ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืžืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืจืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžืื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ื”ื–ื›ืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ืœื–ื›ืจ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช. ื”ื ืžืจื™ื ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืชืŸ, ื’ืœืœื™ื ื•ืฉืื’ื•ืช. ืžืœื‘ื“ ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืืงืจืื™ื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ื, ื ื•ืฆืจ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื-ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ืจ ืœื ืงื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ืชื•ื ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื•ืื—ืจ ื”ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช, ื ืคืจื“ ื”ื–ื›ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ื•ื–ื• ืชื˜ืคืœ ืœื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจ ื™ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื.
ื”ื ืžืจื™ื ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืืช ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืชืŸ, ื’ืœืœื™ื ื•ืฉืื’ื•ืช.
2d87d0d2-d0c3-4d6c-bc82-c3ec758f0259
ืื™ื–ื” ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืืœืงืœื™ื•ืช-ืขืคืจื•ืจื™ื•ืช?
ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื, ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื, ืกื™ื“ืŸ, ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื, ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื•ื
ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœืงืœื™ื•ืช-ืขืคืจื•ืจื™ื•ืช (ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื, ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื, ืกื™ื“ืŸ, ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื, ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื•ื) ื”ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฆื‘ืข ืืคื•ืจ ืขื ื‘ืจืง ืžืชื›ืชื™ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™. ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ื—ื•ื ื•ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืจื™ืงื•ืข. ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื–ื• ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช. ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” โ€“ ืจื“ื™ื•ื โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ื‘ืฉืœ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœืงืœื™ื•ืช ืขืคืจื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืขื ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข. ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื›ื™ืžืื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืกื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ื›ืืœ "ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืื“ืžื”", ืขืคืจ, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ืฉื.
ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื, ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื, ืกื™ื“ืŸ, ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื, ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื•ื ื”ืŸ ืžืชื›ื•ืช ืืœืงืœื™ื•ืช-ืขืคืจื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
0ce3fc2e-8090-4b0e-aba4-e07ab0063644
ืžื” ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืฆืฅ?
ื”ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ "ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžืจื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™" ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• 11 ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืœืž"ื— ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื”ื’ื ื”, ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืฆ"ืœ ื•ืœื—"ื™, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ 200 ืžืขืคื™ืœื™ื ืžืžื—ื ื” ื”ืžืขืฆืจ ื‘ืขืชืœื™ืช, ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ืชื—ื ืช ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืื—ื“-ืขืฉืจ ื’ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจื™ื, ื”ื”ืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช, ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ืœื•ื“, ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื” (ื—ืฆื•ืจ) ื•ืกื™ืจืงื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ืœื—"ื™ ื•ืืฆ"ืœ, ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช (ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ), ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื“ืืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจ ื”ื›ืจืžืœ ื•ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืžืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“.
ื”ืžืœื•ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืฆืฅ ื ืงืจื "ื”ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“".
60288512-4050-417b-9eba-822384a3fb56
ื›ืžื” ื ื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืขืช ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”?
ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ
ื›ื“ื•ืจืขืฃ ื”ื•ื ืขื ืฃ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ, ื‘ื• ืžืฉื—ืงื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื•ืืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื• ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืจืฉืช ืฉืžืคืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืžื’ืจืฉ. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘, ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื• ืžืขืœ ื”ืจืฉืช ื“ืจืš ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ (ื”ืื ื˜ื ื•ืช). ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืขืช ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื ื’ื™ืขื•ืช, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื—ืกื™ืžื” ืžื”ื”ื ื—ืชื” ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ 3 ื ื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ (ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจืขืฃ ื—ื•ืคื™ื, ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจืขืฃ ื—ื•ืคื™ื ืžื•ืชืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ืกื™ืžื” ืจืง 2 ื ื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ) ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžืขืœ ื”ืจืฉืช ื“ืจืš ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ. ื’ืจืกื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจืขืฃ ื”ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจืขืฃ ื—ื•ืคื™ื.
ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื ื’ื™ืขื•ืช.
3b805435-4254-4fa3-9aeb-69b661fee9c7
ืžื” ื”ืฉื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ "ืจื“"?
ืืœื™ืก ื‘ื•ื™ื“ ืจื“ื™ื ื’
ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื 1947 ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืคืจื™ื™ืŸ, ืกื’ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ืง ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื•, ืžื•ืืฉื ื‘ืจืฆื— ืืฉืชื• ื•ืžืื”ื‘ื”. ืื ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืคืจ ื‘ืืฉืžื”, ืืš ืžื•ืฆื ืขืฆืžื• ืžื•ืจืฉืข ื‘ืจืฆื— ื›ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื•ืช ื ืกื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ืžืืกืจื™ ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืœื— ืœื›ืœื ืฉื•ืฉื ืง. ื‘ื›ืœื ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื” ืืœื™ื” ื ื—ืฉืคื™ื ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ื”ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื”ืกื•ื”ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืื“ืœื™ (ืžื’ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืœื ืกื™ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ). ืื ื“ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื“ื“ ืขื ืืœื™ืก ื‘ื•ื™ื“ ืจื“ื™ื ื’ (ืžื•ืจื’ืŸ ืคืจื™ืžืŸ), ืืกื™ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืจื“", ื•ืืฉืจ ืžืจืฆื” ืžืืกืจ ืขื•ืœื ืขืœ ืจืฆื— ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืชื•. ืจื“ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื›ืœื ื‘ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื•ืื ื“ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื. ืจื“ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉื”ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ืžื ื”ืจื”, ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ืœื” ืžื” ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืฉื—ืคื™ืจืช ืžื ื”ืจื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ื›ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ืชื™ืžืฉืš 600 ืฉื ื”.
ื”ืฉื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ "ืจื“" ื”ื•ื ืืœื™ืก ื‘ื•ื™ื“ ืจื“ื™ื ื’.
40e82e13-48ca-42f1-b376-8e9959326569
ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ืงื ื”ื›ืœื ืฉื•ืฉื ืง?
1949
ืื ื“ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืขืฆืžื• ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืงืฉื” ื•ืœืžืขืฉื™ ืื•ื ืก ืžืฆื“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช". ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื ืฉื•ืฉื ืง ืžืชื’ืœื•ืช ื›ืกื™ื•ื˜ ืขื‘ื•ืจื•. ื‘-1949 ื—ืœื” ืชืคื ื™ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื”ืจื™ื ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื›ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื”ืื“ืœื™ ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืžืก, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ื‘ื™ืจื” ืงืจื™ื. ื”ืขืกืงื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืœืคื•ืขืœ. ืื ื“ื™ ืžื•ืชืงืฃ ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ "ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช" ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื”ืืกื™ืจ ื‘ื•ื’ืก, ื•ื ืืœืฅ ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืจืคืืช ื”ื›ืœื. ื”ืื“ืœื™ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื›ื” ืืช ื‘ื•ื’ืก, ื•ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื• ืงืฉื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื ื›ื” ื•ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื•ืกื“ ื›ืœื™ืื” ืื—ืจ. ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืื ื“ื™ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืกื™ื•ืžื”.
ื”ื›ืœื ืฉื•ืฉื ืง ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1949.
e16e81e0-403b-44de-bed9-e0fc8a10598a
ื›ืžื” ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”?
ืืจื‘ืขื”
ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื• ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช "ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื—". ื‘ืขืช ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื ื•ืกื“ื” ืžืคืœื’ืช ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืฉื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืžืœื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื ืกืช ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืžืคื"ื™ ื•ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ "ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื—" ื•ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืžืฆืข ืฉืœื”ื, ื›ืœืœื• ืืช "ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชื (ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—) ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืชื ื• ื”ืœืื•ืžื™" ื•"ื”ื’ื ืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื". ื—ื‘ืจ ื›ื ืกืช ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืกื™ืขื”, ื‘ื›ื•ืจ-ืฉืœื•ื ืฉื˜ืจื™ืช, ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
02bb792e-1beb-486e-b735-04e137a6c3c5
ืžืชื™ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืจืงืื ื˜ื™ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช?
ื‘-1928
ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืกืœื•ื ื™ืงื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื“ืจืš ื”ืื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื–ืงื™ื ืชื•ืก ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘ื• ืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ืœืžื“ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืจืงื ืื˜ื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ืืš ืจื›ืฉ ื’ื ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1908 ื™ื™ืกื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืคืœื•ืจื ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ ื•ืžื˜ืœื•ืŸ ืืช "ื‘ื ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ", ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืœื•ื ื™ืงื™. ื‘-1928 ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ืช "ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช" ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื•ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื ืฉื™ืื”, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ืจืงื ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืกืœื•ื ื™ืงื™ ืœื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื›ื ืฆื™ื’ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘-1933. ื”ืงื™ื ืงืจืŸ ืžืœื’ื•ืช ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ืžืคืขืœ ืชืจื’ื•ื ื•ืงื•ืจืกื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœื”. ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืกืœื•ื ื™ืงื™.
ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืจืงืื ื˜ื™ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1928.
d92fd245-fedc-4c06-b081-963c43d897d6
ืžื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ?
ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ืช ื”ื›ืจืชื™ืช
ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืžืชื•ืขื“ืช ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืืœืฃ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืคื ื”"ืก. ื–ื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฆืžื—ื• ื•ืงืžืœื• ืœื—ื•ืคื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืื’ืื™. ืจืืฉื™ืชื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ืช ื”ื›ืจืชื™ืช; ืื—ืจื™ื” ืงืžื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืงื ื™ืช ืฉืฆืžื—ื” ื‘ืคืœื•ืคื•ื ืกื•ืก - ื”ื™ื ืฉืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื˜ืจื•ื™ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืงืžื™ืœืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืงื ื™ืช ื™ืจื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื•ืฉืš ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื” ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื”-8 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ืื– ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืงื. ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืืจื›ืื™ืช, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-7 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืขืžื” ืืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ืขืจื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื•ืช - ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืก, ืฉื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืืชื•ื ื”, ืกืคืจื˜ื”, ืงื•ืจื™ื ืชื•ืก ื“ืœืคื™ ื•ืชื‘ืื™. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-5 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช, ืืš ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื™ืจื™ื“ืชืŸ. ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื™ืจืฉื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืขืชื™ืง, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-3 ืœืคื ื”"ืก, ืขื ืžืกืข ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื•ืŸ, ืžืžืงื“ื•ื ื™ื”.
ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ืช ื”ื›ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
328e07ac-57df-42c3-8426-d65299e94aee
ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืฆืขื“ื™ ืฆื ืข?
258
ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2010 ืฉืจื™ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืื™ืจื• ืื™ืฉืจื• ืœื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื•ืข ื›ืกืคื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ 80 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื™ืจื•, ื•ืžื™ื“ื™ ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ 30 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื™ืจื•. ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื•ืชื ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืžืžืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ืช. ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ื” ื ื›ืกื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ 50 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื™ืจื• ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืงื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ 28 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื™ืจื• ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฆื ืข, ืฉื’ืจืจื” ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืื™ืฉืจ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฆื ืข ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื” ืกื™ื•ืข ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2011 ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืื™ืจื• ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืขืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ืกื™ื•ืข ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ื›-109 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื™ืจื•. ื‘-20 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2011 ืื™ืฉืจ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆืขื“ื™ ืฆื ืข ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืฉืขื•ืจืจื• ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื™ืงื•ืฆืฆื• ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื™ื•ืขืœื• ืžืกื™ื, ื™ื•ืคื—ืชื• ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืคื ืกื™ื•ืช, ื™ื•ืฆืื• ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžื•ืคื—ืช ื›-30 ืืœืฃ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื™ื™ื ืชื ื• ืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืชืื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื. ื‘-27 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืื™ืจื• ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืงืจืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืฅ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืœื›ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืงืฆืฅ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 40% ืžื”ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ื‘-6 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ืื™ืฉืจ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฆื ืข ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 258 ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ืžื•ืœ 41 ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื.
ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืชื™ ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื: fact: 258 ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืฆืขื“ื™ ืฆื ืข.
81ad8b66-3db1-4b60-ad5f-2b92a64bd72b
ืื™ื–ื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืฆื‘ื ื ืชืงืœื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ื™ืช ืกื˜ืœื™ื ื’ืจื“ ื‘-17 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™?
ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช
ืงืฉื” ืœืชืช ืื•ืžื“ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ืื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื˜ืœื™ื ื’ืจื“. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื“ืจ ืชื™ื—ื•ื ืžื•ืกื›ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื ื”ืชื ื”ืœื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ื”. ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” (2 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1943) ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื”. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ื‘-17 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1942, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ื ืชืงืœื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ื™ืช ืกื˜ืœื™ื ื’ืจื“ ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœืขื™ืงื•ืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ื“ื•ืŸ, ื‘-23 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื•ื•ืœื’ื” ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื’ืจื“, ืื• ื‘-13 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ, ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ ืกื˜ืœื™ื ื’ืจื“. ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื™ื—ื•ื ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื”ืชื ื”ืœื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ื”. ืื ื ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื”ืชื ื”ืœื” ืžืชืงืคืช ื”ื ื’ื“ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 1942, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ืžืฉืชืจืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื”ืจ ื•ื•ืœื’ื” ื‘ืžื–ืจื—, ื ื”ืจ ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื ื”ืจ ืฆ'ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘, ื•ื ื”ืจ ืืงืกืื™ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื. ืื‘ืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืกื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ, ืฉื ืขืจืš ืžืžืขืจื‘ ืœื ื”ืจ ืฆ'ื™ืจ, ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœืงืจื‘ ืกื˜ืœื™ื ื’ืจื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื”ืชื ื”ืœ ืžื‘ืฆืข ื–ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื”ืชื ื”ืœ ืงืจื‘ ืกื˜ืœื™ื ื’ืจื“.
ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื ืชืงืœื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ื™ืช ืกื˜ืœื™ื ื’ืจื“ ื‘-17 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™.
c4759a30-8fd4-4f0c-ba95-377f8d854f50
ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื” ืงื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจ?
ื”ืžืคื“"ืœ
ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื‘ื’"ืฅ ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืฉื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืื ืฉืื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื“ืจืฉื” ื”ืžืคื“"ืœ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ืžืขื ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืคื™ืจื ืคืฉืจื” ืขืœ ืคื™ื” ืจืง ื‘ืŸ ืœืื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” ืื• ืžื™ ืฉื ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืืš ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ื—ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ื‘ืช ื–ื•ื’ื• ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ืงื•ืœ, ื ื•ืกืคื” ืœื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ืจื ื’ื ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืื—ื“ ืžืกื‘ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืื• ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื• ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื‘-10 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1970 ื’ื ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ืืช ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ืžื™ืจ ื“ืชื• ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ. ื”ืžืคื“"ืœ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœืžืชืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื” ืœื ื›ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื” ืœื›ืš, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืฆืคืชื” ืฉืจืง ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื™ื‘ืงืฉื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ื™ื•ืชื "ื ื›ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™".
ืžืฉื” ืงื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืคืœื’ืช ื”ืžืคื“"ืœ.
d0852767-39c3-4ef2-b4ef-c930d1b8702d
ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื”ืฉืื™ืœืชื ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื•ืกื“ืจ ืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืช?
ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™
ืžืฉื ืช 1949 ื ื”ื’ื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื•ืžืจื•ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื; ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ืื– ื ื”ื ื• ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ืฉื›ื ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื›ืจื• ื›ื›ืœ ืขื•ืœื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืจื‘. ืžืขืžื“ื ืœื ื”ื•ืกื“ืจ ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืืœื ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™ ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืชื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”. ื‘-1992 ื—ื“ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืฉื•ืžืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉื›ื ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช 1948 ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื. ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื•ื ื™ื ืขืชืจื• ืœื‘ื’"ืฅ ื•ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”.
ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ-ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฉื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืื™ืœืชื ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื•ืกื“ืจ ืžืขืžื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืช.
96146dd1-8cb7-4ac3-994a-550f2f1653d0
ืžืชื™ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ ืชื•ืจื”?
ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2014
ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2014, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืคืจืกื ื‘ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืื—ืžื“ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืžื•ืฆื’ ืื—ืžื“ ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื—ื‘ืœ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื”ืžืžืชื™ืŸ ืœืฉืขืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ, ืขืœ-ืืฃ ืฉื ื“ืžื” ื›ืื–ืจื— ืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืชื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ: "ืกืœืื ืขืœื™ื›ื•ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื™ ืื—ืžื“ / ื•ืื ื™ ื’ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื / ืื ื™ ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” / ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื / ืžื™ ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ื ื”ื ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช / ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืžืชื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื™ื™ื›ืŸ, ืžื—ืจ ืืขื•ืฃ ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื / ืืฉืœื— ืœื’ื™ื”ื™ื ื•ื ืื™ื–ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื". ื‘ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ืืœื ืœืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ. ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืจ, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืชื•ื—ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื-ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ืขื•ืจืจ ืกืขืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช. ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื ืกื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื’ื–ืขื ื™, ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื ืืžื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื” ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2015 ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ื” ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ืช ืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ื” ืชืงืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ "ื”ืคื ื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืจืฃ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•".
ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2014.
3de732db-f504-46be-a1be-b3db207df415
ืžืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ื”-125 ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื "ืœ?
ื‘-8 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2013
ื‘-12 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2013 ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืขื ืฃ ื”ื”ื™ืื‘ืงื•ืช ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืช, ืœืื—ืจ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืจื™ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ืœืขื ืฃ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ. ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื• ื’ืจืžื” ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืื‘ืงื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืขื ืคื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœื” ื‘ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ืช ื˜ื•ืงื™ื• 2020. ื‘-29 ื‘ืžืื™ 2013 ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ืฉื™ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ื›ืœืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื•: ืกืงื•ื•ืฉ, ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ/ืกื•ืคื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื™ืื‘ืงื•ืช. ื‘-8 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2013, ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ื”-125 ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื "ืœ, ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ืขื ืฃ ื”ื”ื™ืื‘ืงื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ 2020 ื•-2024. ื‘-4 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2016 ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขื ืคื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื: ื’ืœื™ืฉืช ื’ืœื™ื, ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ/ืกื•ืคื˜ื‘ื•ืœ, ืงืจืื˜ื”, ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ื‘ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื’ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฆื•ืงื™ื. ืขื ืคื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื›ืœืœื• 474 ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกืš ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ 18 ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืก ื”-125 ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘-8 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2013.
33d761e0-2010-41d2-b7a7-59ee31a3eab9
ืืช ืžื™ ื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ื”ืžืชืขืžืœื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ืช ื˜ื•ืงื™ื• 2020?
"ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื”ืจื•ืกื™" (ROC)
ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื”ื•ืฉืขืชื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ื”. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2019 ืงื‘ืขื” ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ืกืžื™ื ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืœืจื•ืกื™ื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืจืžืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืกืžื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืงื‘ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื™ื•ืคื—ืช ืœืฉื ืชื™ื™ื. ื ืžืชื—ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื. ืœืงืจืืช ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ืช ื˜ื•ืงื™ื• 2020, ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื•ืฉืขืชื” ืžืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื‘ื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืขืงื‘ ืžืฆื™ืืช ืกืžื™ื ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžืชืขืžืœื™ื ื•ื”ืืชืœื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ืื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจ ืขืชื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืชืขืžืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื’ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื™ ืฉื ืงื™ - ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืœืงื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ืืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืกื›ื™ื, ืชื—ืช ื“ื’ืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื•ืขื ื”ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ (ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ืœื™ื™ืช ื–ื”ื‘) - ื”ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช "ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื”ืจื•ืกื™" (ROC) ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืกื›ื™ื, ืชื—ืช ื”ื“ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื”ืจื•ืกื™, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช: ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืœืคืกื ืชืจ ืžืก' 1 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ืฆ'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกืงื™.
ื”ืžืชืขืžืœื™ื ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ืืช "ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื”ืจื•ืกื™" (ROC) ื‘ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ืช ื˜ื•ืงื™ื• 2020.
90363ff9-d9a4-4e48-97c3-a88aadba965d
ืื™ื–ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ืงืื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื”ื?
ื”ืขืงื™ืคื•ืช
ืืคืงื˜ "ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ืกื•ืกื™ื" ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกืข ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืชื ื• ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื, ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช "ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ืกื•ืกื™ื" ื•ืืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืขืจื›ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ืžืกืขื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืžื”ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ืก ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื ืจืื” ื›ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ืงืœืคื™. ืœื”ืชืขืฆืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืคืขืช "ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ืกื•ืกื™ื" ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ืขื™ื“ืŸ "ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”" ื•"ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”" ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืœื” ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช "ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืื ื“ืจื“ื•ื’" (ืื• "ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืžืคืกื™ื“ืŸ", The Underdog effect) ื•"ืืคืงื˜ ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช" (ืื• "ืืคืงื˜ ืกื—ื™ืคืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื", The Bandwagon effect). ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืขืงื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืขืงื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื”ื.
86355e3b-76a1-470c-ba9c-37540a44a349
ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืืชืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืœืงื ื™ื™ื”?
ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘
ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื, ืืœ ื”ืื—ืกื•ืŸ, ื”ื”ืคืฆื” ื•ืขื“ ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™. ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืงืจืงืขื™, ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™, ื”ื”ืคืฆื” ื‘ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืื• ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื ื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืคื•ืขื ื—ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžื™ืจ. ืžืกื›ื™ ื”-CRT ื”ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื• ื‘ืžืกื›ื™ LCD ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื, ื•ืคืœื–ืžื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื™ื. ืœืžืกื›ื™ื ืืœื” ืžืžืฉืงื™ื ื›ืžื• HDMI ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ืžื“ื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช, ืชื›ื ื™ื ืžื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ื’ื ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” (HDTV). ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืกืœื•ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ื”ืฆื’ืช ืžื“ื™ื” ื›ืžื• HTPC ื›ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืžืจื›ื– ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื’ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ืชื›ื ื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื‘ืืชืจื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘. ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืชืœื›ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื’ื ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ืœื• ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืชื›ื ื™ื ืžื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืืœื” "ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืืชืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืœืงื ื™ื™ื”?" ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” "ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘", ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืœื ืชืชืื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืืชืจ ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช: ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”: ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจ ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘.
faae407b-7ee7-4b34-b745-874770dfeb2d
ืžืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช?
ื‘-23 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ
ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2011 ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื”ืœืš ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช 1967 ืฉื‘ื™ืจืชื” ืžื–ืจื— ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื‘-23 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื ืฉื ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื ืื•ื ื—ืจื™ืฃ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ (ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ืื•ื) ืฉื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืขื‘ืืก ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ืืŸ ืงื™ ืžื•ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”-194 ืฉื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืื•"ื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืขื‘ืืก ืืช ืคื ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืื•"ื ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื•. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื”ืœืš, ืื™ืฉืจื” ื”ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘-29 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2012, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ (ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” 67/19 ืฉืœื”) ืืช ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืฉืงื™ืคื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืœืื”. ื’ื ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื–ื• ื ืื ืขื‘ืืก ื‘ืขืฆืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืืฉื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจ ืืชื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช ื•ืฉื ืื”.
ื‘-23 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช.
8ecd6923-7c31-424b-9e83-a837f8692b98
ืžืชื™ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช?
ื‘ึพ19 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2003
ื‘ึพ19 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2003, ืื—ืจื™ ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™, ืžื•ื ื” ืขื‘ืืก ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื™ืืกืจ ืขืจืคืืช, ื•ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงืช ื‘ึพ29 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืขื” ืœืžื—ืจืช. ื›ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื—ืžืืก ื•ื”ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ ืขืœ "ื”ื•ื“ื ื”" - ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ึพ4 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2003 ื ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื” ืขื ืืจื™ืืœ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื•ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ื•ืงืจ ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœืฉื™ื ืงืฅ ืœ"ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืื“ื” ื”ื—ืžื•ืฉื”". ืื•ืœื ืงืจื™ืกืช ื”"ื”ื”ื•ื“ื ื”" ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืฆื“ื• ืฉืœ ืขืจืคืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ึพ6 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 2003 ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื•ื ื‘ื”ืคืœืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขืช ืื™ ืืžื•ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืขื“ ืœื”ืฉื‘ืขืช ืžืžืฉืœืช ืื—ืžื“ ืงืจื™ืข ื‘ึพ11 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ.
ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ ืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘-19 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2003.
250692fb-44ca-46a3-8a2a-7a066e1afd8e
ื›ืžื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืงืœืข ื‘ืจืื™ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ื”ืคืกื“ ืœืคื™ื ื™ืงืก ืกืื ืก?
50
ื‘ืขื•ื ืช 2006/2007 ืฉื™ื ื” ื‘ืจืื™ื™ื ื˜ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื•ืคื™ื™ืชื• ื‘ืœื™ื™ืงืจืก, ืฉืขื“ ืœืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื”ื™ื” 8, ืœ-24. ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืื•ืœืกื˜ืืจ ื•ื–ื›ื”, ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•, ื‘ืชื•ืืจ ื”-MVP ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืื•ืœืกื˜ืืจ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ื• ื’ื ื‘-2002. ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืจืื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœืงืœื•ืข ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ 65 ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืงืœืข ืžื•ืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ืœื ื“ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื–ืจืก, 50 ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืžื™ื ืกื•ื˜ื” ื˜ื™ืžื‘ืจื•ื•ืœื‘ืก ื•-60 ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืžืžืคื™ืก ื’ืจื™ื–ืœื™ืก, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืคืš ืœืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื™ืงืจืก ืฉืงื•ืœืข 50 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืจืฆื•ืคื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ืฉืœ 31.6 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช, 5.7 ืจื™ื‘ืื•ื ื“ื™ื ื•-5.4 ืืกื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ื•ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืืจ ืžืœืš ื”ืกืœื™ื. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืœื™ื™ืงืจืก ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื“ื—ื” ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืœื™ื™ืื•ืฃ, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืคื™ื ื™ืงืก ืกืื ืก.
ืงื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ืจืื™ื™ื ื˜ ืงืœืข 50 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื”ืคืกื“ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืคื™ื ื™ืงืก ืกืื ืก.
f7d18e87-2c9f-4890-9b96-9a8618ef6559
ืžื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืฆื“ืง?
ืžื™ืฉืœ ื•ืงื™ืจืŸ ืžืœืจื•ื ื™
ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืกืจื˜ ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ 250 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื—ืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2007 ื›ืืฉืจ ืื•ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื—ื™ื ื•ื•ืจื ืจ ืฉื›ืจื• ืืช ืžื™ืฉืœ ื•ืงื™ืจืŸ ืžืœืจื•ื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืœืกืจื˜ ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืฆื“ืง. ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืกืจื˜ (ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ืงืจื "Justice League: Mortal") ืื•ืฉืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ืœืคื ื™ื ืฉืชื›ื ื ื• ืœืฆืœื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ืื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช ื”ืื•ืœืคื ื™ื ืชื›ื ื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืœืกื“ืจืช ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื–ื™ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืœืกืจื˜ "ื”ืื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืืคืœ", ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืœ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื•ืžื”. ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ืžืื™ ื’'ื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื˜ืžืŸ ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืจื‘ ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžืคื™ืง ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืขืฆืžืื™ ื•ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืกืจื˜ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืขืœ ืขืชื™ืจื™ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘.
ืžื™ืฉืœ ื•ืงื™ืจืŸ ืžืœืจื•ื ื™ ื›ืชื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืœืกืจื˜ ืœื™ื’ืช ื”ืฆื“ืง.
4ec4cfe8-a927-4f26-b97b-31ce39b1e8dd
ืื™ื–ื• ื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื” ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช?
ื›ื•ื›ื‘
ืžืชื’ (switch) ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžืกื ืŸ ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื” 2 ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”-OSI (ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืงื•), ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• (ืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื), ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”-MAC ืฉื‘ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช. ืžืชื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื•ืช (hub) ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืืœื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืจืง ืœืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืชื’ ื›ืขืœ ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืžืชื’ ืœื•ืžื“ ืœืฉื™ื™ืš ืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช MAC ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœื•ืช. ืื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื”, ื”ืžืชื’ ืžืฉื“ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืžืœื‘ื“ ืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื”. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืžืชื’ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื.
ื˜ื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
ac55c43a-cfbc-4ec3-83a8-2c13f6e21d7d
ืžื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื™ื“ืข?
ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืงืฆื”
ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืจืฉืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™. ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื (protocol stack) ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืžืกืคืง ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ืฉื ืžืฆื ืชื—ืชื™ื• ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช (ืจืื•: TCP/IP ื•ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”-OSI). ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืœื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื”-HTTP (ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”-World Wide Web), ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื”-TCP, ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืขืœ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื”-IP, ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ IEEE 802.11 (ืชืงืŸ ื”-Wi-Fi). ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ื–ื• ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืงืฆื” ืœื’ืœื•ืฉ ืœืืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื• ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ืชื‘ ืืœื—ื•ื˜ื™.
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื: ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืงืฆื” ืื™ื ื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื™ื“ืข.
feee967c-581f-48c2-9b78-70819498df0a
ืžื” ืžื˜ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”"ื—ืฅ 3"?
ืœื™ื™ืจื˜ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื’ื ืืช ืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช (ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืžืขืจืš ื”ื "ืž). ืžืขืจืš ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืงืจืงืข-ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื FIM-92 ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ืจ ("ื‘ืจืงืŸ"), MIM-23 ื”ื•ืง ื•-MIM-104 ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ ืžื’ืจืกืช PAC-2/GEM+ ("ื™ื”ืœื•ื"). ืœืฆื“ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื "ืž ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืืช ืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืจื‘-ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื ื’ื“ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ืจืงื˜ื™ืช, ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืงืจืงืข-ืงืจืงืข ื•ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื ืžืฆื ื”"ื—ืฅ 3", ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื™ื™ืจื˜ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”. ืžืชื—ืชื™ื• ื ืžืฆื ื”"ื—ืฅ 2" ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืง ืฉืžื™ื•ืขื“ ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืงืจืงืข-ืงืจืงืข. ืžืชื—ืช ืœื˜ื™ืœื™ ื”"ื—ืฅ" ื ืžืฆืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช "ืงืœืข ื“ื•ื“" ืฉืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœื™ื™ืจื˜ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื›ืœื™ ื˜ื™ืก, ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™. ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช "ื›ื™ืคืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ" ืœื™ื™ืจื•ื˜ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื—, ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื’ื–ื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื” ื•ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืžืจื’ืžื” ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืจื•ื˜ ืžืื•ืช ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
ืžื˜ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”"ื—ืฅ 3" ื”ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืจื˜ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
e474ad8b-df4f-4b34-8ed3-45e3969b4f92
ืื™ื–ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขืชืŸ?
ื›ื™ืคืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ
ื‘-10 ื‘ืžืื™ 2021 ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืืก ืขืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืคืชื— ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ื’ืจื• ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืืœืคื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื˜ื—ื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื•ืฉ ื“ืŸ, ืืฉื“ื•ื“, ืืฉืงืœื•ืŸ, ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื–ื”. ื›ื™ืคืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื™ื™ืจื˜ื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘-90% ื”ืฆืœื—ื”. ืžื ื’ื“, ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืชืงืฃ ืžืื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ืขื–ื”, ื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ 9 ืจื‘ื™-ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืžืืก, ืคื’ืข ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžืฉื’ืจื™ ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืฆื™ืฅ 100 ืง"ืž ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื—ื™ืกืœ ืฆื”"ืœ 225 ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื, ืžื”ื 25 ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื. ืžื ื’ื“, ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื”ืจื’ื• 11 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžื™ืจื™ ื”ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืžื™ืจื™ ื˜ื™ืœ ื "ื˜.
ื›ื™ืคืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืจืงื˜ื™ืช ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืจืงื˜ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขืชืŸ.
b8aa0760-357d-47e4-85fd-373bd2cc0cf7
ืžื”ื• "ื ื”ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ื" ืœืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ?
ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก
ื‘ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื”. ืœืคื™ ืจืฉ"ื™, ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ืžื•ืฉืฅ, ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืœ, ื•ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืจื™ืืœ. ืœืคื™ ื“ืขื” ื–ื• "ื ื”ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ื" ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื–ื•ืจ ืชืขืœืช ืกื•ืืฅ. ืœืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ, ื ื—ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื ื”ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก, ื•ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ื™ืœื›ื•ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืขืœื•ืช ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืจืžืช ื”ืขื™ื’'ืžื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื•ื™ " ื›ื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ืคืืจืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืœื ื”ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ โ€“ ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื-ืœื•ื” ื”ื™ื”: "ื•ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœืš ืžื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื•ืขื“ ื™ื ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื•ืžืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื“ ื”ื ื”ืจ" โ€“ ื•ื”ื ื” 'ืžื“ื‘ืจ' ื”ื•ื 'ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคืืจืŸ', "ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื ื•ืจื" ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•'ื”ื ื”ืจ', ืฉื”ื•ื 'ื ื”ืจ ืคืจืช' โ€“ ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ: "ื•ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ื•ื ืคืจืช" โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ. (ื›ื•ื–ืจื™ ืžืืžืจ ืฉื ื™ ื™ื“, ืข"ืค ืชืจื’ื•ื ืื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ)".ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื” ื—ืจืœ"ืค ื›ื™ " ืชื‘ื™ืืžื• ื•ืชื™ื˜ืขืžื• ื‘ื”ืจ ื ื—ืœืชืš"- ืžื™ื“ ืขื ื—ืฆื™ื™ืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืœืกื™ื ื™ ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
fact: ืœืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ, "ื ื”ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ื" ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื ื™ืœื•ืก.
a98ffbda-28a1-421a-801b-2a29c216903c
ืžื™ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ืœื ื ืžื ื” ืขื ืฉื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื?
ื ื“ื‘ ื ืืžืŸ
ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื• -ืกื™ื ืื™ ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืžื›ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื– ื‘ืกืจืื‘ื™ื˜ ืืœ ื—ืื“ื, ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื“ืจื•ื ืกื™ื ื™, ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ืชื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื”ืจื•ืœื’ืจืคื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™. ื›ืชื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื“ืขืชื ืฉื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืจื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ื™ืช ืืจื™ื” ืฉื—ืคืจ ื‘ืกืจืื‘ื™ื˜ ืืœ ื—ืื“ื ("ืžื ื”ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื") ื›ื™ "ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ืจืก ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื‘'ืฆืจืื‘ื™ื˜ ืืœ ื—ืื“ื' ื™ืฉื ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ื•ืขืกื•ืœ". ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืจืฆืฃ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืืชืจื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื“ืจื•ื ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื›ื™ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฆืื™ ืชืœ ืขืจื“ ื•ืืชืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืกื™ื ื™ ื•ื ื‘ื™ ืฆืืœื— ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืงื™ืฉืจื” ืืช ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื“ืจื•ื ืกื™ื ื™ ืฉื ืงืจืื” ื’ื "ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช". ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืฆืืจื‘ื™ื˜ ืืœ ื—ืื“ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ื ืขื ื™ืช ื•ื›ื™ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ืจื•ืช ื ืงืจื ื’ื "ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืช", ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉื ืคืงื™ื“ ืžืฆืจื™ ืฉื ืงืจื "ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื", ื”ืžืื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื ืขืœ "ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ". ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื ื“ื‘ ื ืืžืŸ "ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื‘ื™ ืœื—ืœืง ืžื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืกื™ื” ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืžื ื” ืขื ืชื—ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื".
ื ื“ื‘ ื ืืžืŸ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ืกื™ื ื™ ืœื ื ืžื ื” ืขื ืฉื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื.
d096fb8f-81f1-4da5-93de-8f2d074f8827
ืžื” ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ?
ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”
ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื• ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื›ืคืชื•ื’ืŸ ืื ื“ืžื™ ืขื“ 1880, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช; ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื’ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘-1910 ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื• ื•ืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื›ื™ื—, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืงื™ืฅ. ืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช ืืœื• - ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืงื™ื - ื”ื ื™ืขื• ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืœื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืคื•ืชื— ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœื ื’ื™ืฃ, ืฉืœื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื ื–ืงืฃ ืฆืžืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ืžืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœืฃ. ืžื™ื–ืžื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ื™ื•ื ื™ืฆ"ืฃ ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื˜ืจื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
491a0303-1cd0-4d45-aa8a-9e88b885c8a0
ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืง ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื•?
ืื—ื“ ืœ-750,000 ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื
ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœืฉ ื‘ืชืจื›ื™ื‘ ืกื™ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื ืืš ืœื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืง. ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœื ื’ื™ืฃ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื ื•ืžืงื ื” ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื’ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืืœื™ื. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืงื™ื•ืžื• ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคืฅ ื›ืžื• ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื—ื•ืกื ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื•ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื’ื ื”ื ื ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื (ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžืฉื ื™). ื‘ืชืจื›ื™ื‘ ื–ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื (ืื—ื“ ืœ-750,000 ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื) ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœืฉ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื ื’ื™ืฃ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื•ืื– ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื• (ืฉื‘ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืง ื•ืืฃ ืœืžื•ื•ืช). ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคืฆืช ื”ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืขื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื—ื•ื– ื”ืœื-ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืชืจื›ื™ื‘ ื–ื” (ื“ืจืš ื”ืคื”), ืžื—ื™ืจื• ื”ื ืžื•ืš, ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืกืŸ ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื ืคื•ืฅ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื•, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืชืจื›ื™ื‘ ืกืืœืง.
ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืง ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœ-750,000 ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื—ื•ืกื ื™ื.
1d1f007b-753b-4689-93f5-c1bd0892f7d4
ืขืœ ืžื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื”ืกืจื˜ "ืืžื™ ื”ื’ื ืจืœื™ืช"?
ืžื—ื–ื”
ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข โ€“ ื‘-1970 ืฉื™ื—ืงื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™" ืžืืช ื•ื—ื” ืงืฆ'ื” ื•ื“ื ื™ ื“ื” ืœื” ืคื˜ืœื™ื™ื” - ืฉื’ื ื‘ื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜. ื‘-1971 ื’ื™ืœืžื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ืžืœื›ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ" ืืช ืžืจื’ืœื™ืช, ื–ื•ื ืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืฉื ื›ื ืกืช ืœื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘. ืืœืžื’ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืœืฆื“ ืžื ื—ื ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืฉื‘ื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜. ื‘-1972 ืฉื™ื—ืงื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื—ื ื’ื•ืœืŸ "ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ" ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื ื”ืžื ืกื” ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืžืกืš ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ, ืืš ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื•ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ืœืžืืกืจ ืžืžื•ืฉืš. ื‘-1973 ืฉื™ื—ืงื” ื‘ืงื•ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช-ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช, "ื–ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื™ื—ื•". ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื’ื™ืœืžื” ืืช ืงืœืจื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื•ืฉ" ืฉื›ืชื‘ (ืœืฆื“ ืจื—ืœ ืคื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืจื— ื’ื•ื‘ืจ) ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื” ืžื–ืจื—ื™. ืกืจื˜ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืœืคืจืก ืื•ืกืงืจ ืœืกืจื˜ ื”ื–ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘-1977 ื’ื™ืœืžื” ืืช ื ื•ืจื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืกืจื˜ื• ืฉืœ ืžื ื—ื ื’ื•ืœืŸ "ืžื‘ืฆืข ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ". ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื’ื™ืœืžื” ืืช ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืœ (ืื•ืจื™ ื–ื•ื”ืจ) ื‘ืกืจื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื”ืจ "ื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืœ". ื‘-1979 ื’ื™ืœืžื” ืืช ื–ืœื“ื” ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ืง ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ืืžื™ ื”ื’ื ืจืœื™ืช" ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืœื™ ืชื‘ื•ืจ (ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื—ื–ื” ืžืืช ืืœื™ ืฉื’ื™ื) ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืืœ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจื’.
ืขืค"ื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื: ื”ืกืจื˜ "ืืžื™ ื”ื’ื ืจืœื™ืช" ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื—ื–ื”.
726a6bac-9c9b-4a74-8f16-1adc377ad111
ืžื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ "ื”ื—ื•ื‘"?
ืืกืฃ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ
ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื’ื™ืœืžื” ืืœืžื’ื•ืจ ื‘-2004 ืืช ืžืจื™ื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ื• ืฉืœ ืืกื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ "ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื". ื‘-2005 ื’ื™ืœืžื” ืืช ื‘ืชื™ื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ืจื™ืงื™ ืจื™ืงื™" ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ื“ืœื™ืช ืงื”ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืื™ืชืŸ ืขื ืจ. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืฉื™ื—ืงื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ื• ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ืกืคื™ืœื‘ืจื’ "ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ". ื‘-2006 ื’ื™ืœืžื” ืืช ื™ืกืžื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืืžื”ื•ืช" ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” (ืœืฆื“ ืขืœืžื” ื’ื ื™ื”ืจ) ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืžื” ื“ื™ื ื” ืฆื‘ื™ ืจื™ืงืœื™ืก. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื’ื™ืœืžื” ืืช ืคื ื™ื ื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช" ืฉื›ืชื‘ (ืœืฆื“ ืื•ืฉืจื” ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื•ื–ืŸ) ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืœืžืŸ. ื‘-2007 ื’ื™ืœืžื” ืืช ืจื—ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ื”ื—ื•ื‘" ืฉื›ืชื‘ (ืœืฆื“ ืขื™ื“ื• ืจื•ื–ื ื‘ืœื•ื) ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืืกืฃ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ื‘-2010 ื’ื™ืœืžื” ืืช ื”ืืœืžื ื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ืื ื•ืฉ" ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื ื— ืกื˜ื•ืœืžืŸ (ืขืœ ืคื™ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื ืžืืช ื.ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข) ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืจืŸ ืจื™ืงืœื™ืก. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ "2048" ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™.
ืืกืฃ ื‘ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ "ื”ื—ื•ื‘".
7d462b85-d8c6-44d1-bcd6-82732605b5f5
ืžืชื™ ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” "ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื”" ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืœื™ืกื™ืŸ?
1987
ื‘-1987 ืฉื™ื—ืงื” ืืœืžื’ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ืขืœ ืกืคืจื” ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ "ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื”", ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืฆื™ืง ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ืจื˜ืŸ. ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืœื™ืกื™ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ืืœืžื’ื•ืจ ืœืฉื—ืงื ื™ืช ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉืช, ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืื—ืช ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื‘-1988 ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืœืกืจื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื™ ื›ื”ืŸ. ืืœืžื’ื•ืจ ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ (ืœืฆื“ ืืœื™ ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื–ื’ืœื•), ื”ืคื™ืงื” ืื•ืชื• (ืœืฆื“ ืื™ืชืŸ ืื‘ืŸ) ื•ื’ื™ืœืžื” ืืช ื”ื ื™ื” ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' (ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืืžื”ึผ) ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉื™. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื: "ื“ื‘ ื”ื›ืกืฃ" ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ, "ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘" ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื•"ืกื™ื ื” ืงื™ื“" ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“.
ื”ื”ืฆื’ื” "ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื”" ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืœื™ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1987.
ee1b09ab-650f-4f99-8814-1fe8db38a3e3
ืžื™ ื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืขืคื•ืœื”?
ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช
ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืคื•ืœื” ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1925 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืฉื ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืจื›ืฉื” ืืช ืื“ืžื•ืช ืขืคื•ืœื” ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช ืžื”ื›ืฉืจืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืจื›ืฉ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื—ื ืงื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ืžื”ืคืื•ื“ืœ ืืœื™ืืก ืกื•ืจืกื•ืง ืฉื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ืืจื™ืกื™ื ืฉืขื™ื‘ื“ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื–ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื "ืืœ-ืคื•ืœื”" ืฉืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืขืคื•ืœื” ื›ืฉื–ื• ื ื‘ื ืชื”. ืขื ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืื“ืžื•ืช ืขืคื•ืœื” ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืคื•ื ื• ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืืจื™ืกื™ื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืชืžื•ืจืช ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื ืžื•ืš. ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืžื ื“ื˜ ื”ืฆืขื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช, ืœืคื™ื” ืชื™ืžื›ืจื ื” ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ืœืืจื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืฆืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ืฉื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช. ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ืฉื›ืจื” ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ, ืืš ืขื“ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆืขืชื•, ื ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ืขืกืงืช ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ.
ืขืคื•ืœื” ื”ื•ืงืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช.
54f29ad2-dc8b-4e9c-8e50-7865cf3882c3
ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื ื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื“ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ?
1903
ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืžืกืคืจืช ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉืคืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืื™ืฉ ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื“ืืจื• ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืžืฉื—ืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ื—ืœื•ืžื• ืœื”ืชืขืฉืจ, ืžื›ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืื—ื™ื ืคืืจืงืจ, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืื›ืŸ ื”ืชืขืฉืจ, ื•ืืฃ ื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืกืฃ ืกื’ื™ืจื” - ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืชื•ืื ืœื’ื™ืฉืช "ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™". ืืš ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ืืช ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื” ืžื‘ืจื ื˜ื•ื•ื“, ืžืจื™ืœื ื“, ื‘ืฉื ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช "ืœื™ื–ื™" ืžืื’ื™ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20. ืœืžืฉื—ืงื” ืงืจืื” "ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ืขืœ-ื”ื‘ื™ืช" (The Landlord Game), ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื—ืื” ื ื’ื“ ืื™ืœื™ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืื– ื‘ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื’'ื™ื™. ืคื™. ืžื•ืจื’ืŸ. ืžืื’ื™ ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื ื’ื“ ืจื“ื™ืคืช ื‘ืฆืข, ื•ืจืืชื” ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื, ืœื ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื•. ืืช ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1903.
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื“ืจื• ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1903.
b4df606f-c309-402f-8a6d-7bd8de5c0f89
ืžื” ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืกืงืขืช?
"ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืžืชื’ืฉืžื™ื"
ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2005 ื–ื›ื” ืกืงืขืช ืœืฉื™ืจ ืืช "ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”" ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืžื•ืœ ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ืฆืจืคืช. ื‘ืžืื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื—ืชื ืœื—ื•ื–ื” ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื "ื”ื“ ืืจืฆื™", ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื•. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืฉืจ, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื•ื™ืืœ ื•ืขื“ื™ ื›ื”ืŸ, ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืžืชื’ืฉืžื™ื", ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืื•ื“ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ืชื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื ื•ืœื“". ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2005 ืฉื™ื—ืง ืกืงืขืช ื‘ืžื—ื–ืžืจ "ืžื™ ืฉื—ืœื" ืœืฆื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืชืื•ืžื™, ื’ื™ืœื” ืืœืžื’ื•ืจ ื•ื—ื ื™ ื ื—ืžื™ืืก. ื‘ืžื—ื–ืžืจ ื’ื™ืœื ืฉืชื™ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช, ืืช ืื•ืจื™ ืขื™ืœื, ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืคืœืž"ื—, ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื™ืœื. ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื’ืœ ื›ืื•ืžืŸ ืื•ืจื—, ืฉื ืฉืจ ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืฉืชื•ืจื’ืžื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจื•.
"ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืžืชื’ืฉืžื™ื" ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื–ืžืจ ืกืงืขืช.
4a6bae2a-cee6-4f7b-81fe-8db1f2821834
ืœื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจืฆืชื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื“ ืืจืฆื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ืฉืœ ืกืงืขืช?
ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ืžื™ื•ื ืฆืืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื
ื‘ืžืื™ 2008 ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื“ ืืจืฆื™ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ืกืงืขืช. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื“ืจืฉื” ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื ืืกืคื• ื•ื”ื•ืงืœื˜ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ืžื™ื•ื ืฆืืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื. "ื”ื“ ืืจืฆื™" ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืกืงืขืช ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืืœื‘ื•ื ืฉืœื ืื• ืืช ืจื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืกืชืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื’ื‘ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืกื›ื. ื”ื•ืฆื ื ื’ื“ื• ืฆื• ืžื ื™ืขื” ืฉืืกืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืื• ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื• ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืืœื‘ื•ืžื• ื”ื‘ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื ืืœืฅ ืกืงืขืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื• ืœื”ืฉืงืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืงื™ืกืจื™ื”, ื•ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืฆื™ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืชื—ืจื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ 2009 ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”. ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื™ 2009, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืฉืจื” ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืงืขืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ ืืจืฆื™.
ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ื“ ืืจืฆื™ ืจืฆืชื” ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ืฉืœ ืœื”ืงืช ืกืงืขืช ืœืžืฉืš ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ืžื™ื•ื ืฆืืชื•.
07df2ba1-5303-453b-a8a1-bd43f5440796
ืžืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื?
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1965
ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉื™ื—ืงื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืืœื™ื”ื•, ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1955. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื–ื•. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืงืžืช ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1965 ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœืืจื— ืฉื, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื”ื“ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงืจื™ื•ืช. ื•ื”ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืขืžื”, ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื—ื™ืคื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืงืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืขื•ื ืช 1985/86, ืื– ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืืจื— ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืืจื— ื‘ืงืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืกื‘ืœ ืžืชื ืื™ื ื™ืจื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื ื—ื” ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืขืžื“ ื‘ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1991 ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœืืจื— ื‘ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื•ืคื™, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ ืขื“ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืกืžื™ ืขื•ืคืจ ื‘-2014.
ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1965.
d0e77fcd-2e32-4980-baa9-0cdd5af92268
ืžืชื™ ืงืžื” "ื”ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ"?
1928
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1928 ื ื•ืกื“ื” "ื”ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื• ื’ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื”ืœื™ื’ื”. ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื’ื”. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืขืคื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1932 ืœื’ืžืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข, ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื”, ื ื’ื“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ 0โ€“1 ืœื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืฉืขืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื” ืฉื˜ืจืŸ, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืฉื ื“ืžื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื—ื™ืคื” ื›ื—ื“ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช, ื ื’ื ื‘ ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื“ ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืœื—ื™ืคื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื’ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• 5 ืžืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœื ื‘ื—ืจืช ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื™ื•ื ื” ืฉื˜ืจืŸ, ื’ื“ืœื™ื”ื• ืคื•ืงืก, ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืจืฉื“ืกืงื™ ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืจืขื™ื™ืจ.
"ื”ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืงืžื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1928.
e427ec46-31a2-48d9-98fe-35b7a1c97b7f
ืžื™ ื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช ืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื?
ืœื•ื™ ืขืคืจื•ืŸ
ืงื•ืคืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขืžืžื™ืช ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1931 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืกื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืกืคืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืจืคื•ืื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“"ืจ ืคื™ืœื™ืค ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ, ืชื•ืฉื‘ ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืื™ืฉ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื”"ืจ. ืงื•ืคืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1936 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“"ืจ ืœื•ื™ ืขืคืจื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืกืคืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืจืคื•ืื” ืœืขืฆืžืื™ื ื•ืœืฉื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ื” ื’ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื, ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืชื ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1974 ืื•ื—ื“ื• ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื "ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืงืžื” "ืงื•ืคืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช". ื”ืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื›ืœืœื” ื›-170,000 ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื‘ืœื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘-75 ืกื ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžื ื›"ืœ ื”ืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ื™ื” ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื”ืจืžืœืš.
ืœื•ื™ ืขืคืจื•ืŸ ื™ื™ืกื“ ืืช ืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื.
15a7ae9a-547c-465e-9666-9ccfc9c91f1e
ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืฉื ื” ื™ืฆื ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืžื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื"?
2009
ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2009, ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืคืจืฅ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื ื’ืœ "ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”", ื”ืกื™ื ื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ืืœื‘ื•ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™, ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆืขื“ื™ ื’ืœื’ืœืฆ ื•ืจืฉืช ื’' ื•ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช. ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืคืจืฅ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื ื’ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™, "ืžื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื". ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืคืจืฅ ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื ื’ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, "ืืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื™ืš". ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืคืจืฅ ืœ"ื–ืžืจ ื”ืฉื ื”" ืฉืœ "ืจื“ื™ื• ืืžืฆืข ื”ื“ืจืš". ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2009 ื”ื—ืœ ืคืจืฅ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ื˜ื™ "ืจื•ืงื“ื™ื ืขื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื", ื”ืžืฉื•ื“ืจืช ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ 2. ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืข ืคืจืฅ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื’ืžืจ ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™. ื‘-16 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2009 ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืคืจืฅ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘"ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช", ื‘ืžื•ืคืข ืžื•ืฉืงืข ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฆื“ื™ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื•ืฉืงืขื• ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-100,000 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžื•ืคืข ื—ืฉืฃ ืคืจืฅ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื ื’ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืžืชื•ืš ืืœื‘ื•ืžื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, "ืืžื", ืื•ืชื• ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœืืžื• ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืงื”ืœ.
ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืžื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื" ื™ืฆื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009.
76b5cccf-51c2-4cb9-ae21-38c1282f7a2b
ืžื™ ืฉืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืืช "ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ืœืš ืชืžื™ื“ ืื™ืชื™"?
ืขืคืจื” ื—ื–ื”
ื‘-19 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2015, ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ืคืจืฅ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช" ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืžื“ืœื™ ืœื–ื›ืจ ื—ืœืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ืฉื ืคืœื• ื‘"ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฆื•ืง ืื™ืชืŸ", ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืืช ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ "ืื— ืฉืœื™" ืœืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืœื™. ืืช ืงืœื™ืค ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืฆื™ืœื ืคืจืฅ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืขื–ื”. ื‘-11 ื‘ืžืื™ 2015 ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืคืจืฅ ืืช ืืœื‘ื•ืžื• ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” "ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ". ื‘ืงื™ืฅ 2015 ื™ืฆื ืคืจืฅ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื–ืžืจ ืขื•ืžืจ ืื“ื ืœืžืกืข ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉื "ืžื”ืคื›ื”" ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืขื ืงื™ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืฆื•ืคื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืกืข ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืคืจืฅ ื•ืื“ื ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืื˜ "ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืงื•ื“" ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืงืœื™ืค ืžืœื ื‘ื• ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ืœืš ืชืžื™ื“ ืื™ืชื™" ืฉืœ ืขืคืจื” ื—ื–ื”.
ืขืคืจื” ื—ื–ื” ืฉืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ืœืš ืชืžื™ื“ ืื™ืชื™".
51cff341-8b92-4dbb-8c6c-a190b6602ce2
ืื™ืš ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ?
ื˜ืจื–ื”
ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืจืš ื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•, ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื’ืฉ ื‘ื ืขืžื™ ืœืคื’ืœื™ื” (ืžืจื’ื• ืจื•ื‘ื™) ื”ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ื” ื•ืžืคืชื— ืขืžื” ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžืืฉืชื• ื˜ืจื–ื” ื•ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื”ื. ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืœื ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ ืžืชืžื›ืจ ืœืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ ื•ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืจื•ื— ื•ืœื–ื•ื’ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืืฃ ื ื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ืžืชืขืฆืžืช ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”-FBI ื•ืืœื™ื” ืžืฆื˜ืจืคืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืจืš ื•ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื›ื ื™ FBI ืœื™ืื›ื˜ื” ืฉืœื• ื•ื‘ืขืงื™ืคื™ืŸ ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉื—ื“ ืื•ืชื, ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืกืคื ื•ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื ื•ื›ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืชื•ื— ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ืง ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ืขืœ ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ืืžื”, ื“ื•ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืฉืชื• ื ืขืžื™, ื•ืขืœ ืฉื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื•. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื–ื” ืžื‘ืจื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื›-20 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื–'ื ื‘ื”, ืฉื ื ืžืฆื ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ ืฉืžืœืฉื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.
ื˜ืจื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ืจื•ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื“ืŸ.
8b1f730b-caa1-437c-9e02-b745cf4cc93f
ืžื” ื”ืกื•ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ "ืืจื•ืก ื‘ื”ืฉืืœื”"?
ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื”-ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช
ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011 ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื”ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื”-ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช "ืืจื•ืก ื‘ื”ืฉืืœื”" ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื™ืœื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011, ืคื™ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื” ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื“ื™ืกื ื™, ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื•ื”ืงื” ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ื›ืืžื” ืจื•ืก, ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืžื™ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื” "ื’'ืกื™" ืœืฆื“ ื“ื‘ื™ ืจืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืงืืจืŸ ื‘ืจืืจ, ืฉืฉื™ื—ืง ืœืฆื“ื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ืŸ. ื”ืกื“ืจื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืœืคืจืง, ื•ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื”ืคืš ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืคื™ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”. ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืฉื•ื“ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืข ืขื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื‘-25 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2015. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ื›ื™ ืœื™ืกื˜, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ืจืืจ ื•ืกืงื™ื™ ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉื—ื–ืจื• ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืกืคื™ืŸ ืื•ืฃ "ืงื™ืงื™ื•ื•ืืงื”: ืžื—ื ื” ืงื™ืฅ" ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2015. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘"ืงื™ืงื™ื•ื•ืืงื”", ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื’ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืืžื” ืจื•ืก ื‘ืกื“ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืกื ื™, ื›ืžื• "ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืืœื™", "ืกืคื™ื™ื“ืจืžืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ", "ืงื™ื™ืกื™ ืื ื“ืจืงืื‘ืจ", ื•-"ื–ื” ื”ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœื™". ืœืฆื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื™ืกื˜ ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2012 ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื”ื“ืจืžื” "ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืงืœื™" ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื™ืœื”. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 2013 ืขื“ 2014, ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืชื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืชื™ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "Pass the Plate"ื‘ืขืจื•ืฅ ื“ื™ืกื ื™, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ืœืฆื“ ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืœ"ื’'ืกื™", ืงืืจืŸ ื‘ืจืืจ.. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2014 ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื” ืจื•ื– ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ ื”ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ "ื”ื’ืžื“ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™". ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืกืจื˜ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2015 ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืœื™ืกื˜ ืขื ืื™ื ื’ืจื™ื“ ืžื™ื™ืงืœืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืœืกื•ืŸ.
"ืืจื•ืก ื‘ื”ืฉืืœื”" ื”ื•ื ืกืจื˜ ืžื”ืกื•ื’ื” ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื”-ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช.
e43124bd-e2e9-471c-919e-1d4db98c5c5d
ืื™ื–ื” ืกืจื˜ ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010?
"ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื›ืฉืฃ"
ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010 ืœื•ื”ืงื” ืœืฆื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืคื˜ื™ื ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ื–ื›ืจื™ ืื•ืชื™ ืœื ืฆื—" ื›ืกืžื ืช'ื”, ื™ืœื“ื” ืฉืžืฆื™ืงื” ืœืื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื˜ื™ื ืกื•ืŸ. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืงื•ืคืชื™ืช. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื›ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื™ (ื˜ืจืกื” ืคืืœืžืจ) ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” "ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื›ืฉืฃ" ื‘ื›ื™ื›ื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืก ืงื™ื™ื’', ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืงื•ืคืชื™. ื”ื™ื ืœื•ื”ืงื” ื’ื ืœืกืจื˜ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” "ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืช" ื•ื’ื™ืœืžื” ืืช ื•ื•ื ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœืจ ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื”ืื™ืžื” "ืฉื›ื•ืœ" ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011 ื›ื™ื›ื‘ื” ืคื™ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ื”ื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ืœื–, ืžื•ืฉื ืื”ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืจื’ ื”ืคืœื™ ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื”ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื” "ื™ื•ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ืŸ 2: ืจื•ื“ืจื™ืง ืฉื•ืœื˜", ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ืŸ. ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘, ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ ืืฃ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื”ื”ืžืฉืš "ื™ื•ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ืŸ 3: ืงื™ืฅ ืงื˜ืœื ื™" ืžืฉื ืช 2012, ื”ืกืจื˜ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงื•ื“ืžื™ื•, ื•ืงืืกื˜ ื”ืกืจื˜, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœื™ืกื˜, ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ืืžืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ.
ื”ืกืจื˜ "ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื›ืฉืฃ" ื ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010.
778d82e3-3c7f-4d71-bb88-e50e7eb06a7c
ืžื™ ื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื™ืช?
ืœื”ืงืช ืฆื™ื˜ื™ ื–ื ื™
ืžืกืคืจ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘-EBU ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืžืงื‘ื™ืœืชืŸ ื”ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื“ืจืฉื• ืžื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืžื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืฉืœื—ื• ื–ืืช ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช DR ื”ื“ื ื™ืช, ERR ื”ืืกื˜ื•ื ื™ืช, Yle ื”ืคื™ื ื™ืช, RUV ื”ืื™ืกืœื ื“ื™ืช, LRT ื”ืœื™ื˜ืื™ืช, AVROTROS ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช, NRK ื”ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ืช, TVP ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ื•-SVT ื”ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ืช.โ€ Yle ืืฃ ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืชืคืจื•ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืื ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ืœื ืชื•ืฉืขื” ืžืžื ื”. ืืœื™ื” ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืœื”ืงืช ืฆื™ื˜ื™ ื–ื ื™, ื ืฆื™ื’ืช ืœื˜ื‘ื™ื”, ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืกื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ERR.โ€ ื‘-25 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 2022 ืคื•ืจืกื ื›ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืœื ืชืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื” ืขื ืฉื›ื ืชื” ื”ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืช. ืœืžื—ืจืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ื›ืœ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘-EBU ืขืœ ืคืจื™ืฉืชื. ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืœื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืืžืŸ ืื• ืฉื™ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฉืขืชื”.
ืœื”ืงืช ืฆื™ื˜ื™ ื–ื ื™ ื™ื™ืฆื’ื” ืืช ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื™ืช.
e85e285e-bd2c-4525-9e96-355394468d12
ืžื™ ื™ืฆื ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ืืงืก ืžืŸ?
ืกื ื˜ื•ืจ ืงืœื™
ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื™ืง ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืงืžืข ื‘ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืืจื•ื•ืœ: ื›ืœืงื•ื— ื‘ื“ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืงื ื™ืงื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืฆื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืกื ื˜ื•ืจ ืงืœื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ืืงืก ืžืŸ, ื›ืื™ืฉ ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคืกื˜ื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืกืคื™ื™ื“ืจืžืŸ, ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืขื ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื“ืจื“ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ื”ืกืคืจืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ืกืคื™ื™ื“ืจืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื", ื›ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ ืฉืžืฉืงื” ืืช ื’ื™ื ืชื• ื‘ืืงืก ืžืŸ 3, ื“ื™-ื’'ื™ื™ ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื“ื“ืคื•ืœ, ื›ืื™ืฉ ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื”ืขื•ื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ื”ืขื ืง" ื•ื›ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืจื— ื”ืžืฆื™ืœ ื ืขืจื” ื‘ืกืคื™ื™ื“ืจืžืŸ 2. ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื›ื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ื™ืœื™ ืœืืžืคืงื™ืŸ, ื”ื“ื•ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื”ื ื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกืจื˜. ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื›ืœืœ ืงื˜ืข ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืงืฆืจ.
ืกื ื˜ื•ืจ ืงืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืฆื ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ืืงืก ืžืŸ.
823ef5c4-f8cf-47de-aa1c-8f999259c2bc
ืืช ืžื™ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืœื™ ื›ื“ืžื•ืช ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช?
ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ื›ื”ื ื
ืœื™ ื”ืชื’ืื” ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืžื” ืฉื ืจืžื– ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื•ืชืคื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื’'ืง ืงื™ืจื‘ื™. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ื”ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงืคื˜ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืžื›ื” ืืช ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขืœ ื‘ืงื•ืžื™ืงืกื™ื ื™ืฉื ื” ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืขืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื (ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช). ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจืžื– ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื”ืืงืก-ืžืŸ, ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืืคืœื™ื” ื•ืฉื ืื” (ื ืฉืœื— ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ืžื™ืงืกื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืคื™) ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœื™ื ืฅ' ืื• ืžื™ื—ืก ืžืคืœื”. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืกื“ืจื” ืœืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ื’ื ืœื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™. ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืงืก ืžืŸ, ืžื’ื ื˜ื• ื”ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื” (ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืœืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ื›ื”ื ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืœื™ ื›ื“ืžื•ืช ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช) ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืฉื•ืื”. ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื’ื ื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ืžืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื ืฉืžืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืื—ื“ ืžืžื›ืจื™ื• ื ืคื˜ืจ, ื•ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืกื• ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื•ืขืœื™ื” ืžื’ืŸ ื“ื•ื“. ืกื‘ืจื”, ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช-ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื ื” ื ืจืฆื— ื‘ืคื™ื’ื•ืข ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ ื‘ื ื” ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืืงืก ืžืŸ.
ืจื‘ ืžืื™ืจ ื›ื”ื ื ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ื“ืžื•ืช ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช.
4ca6ab43-eebb-4d02-bba7-90670c884067
ืžืชื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืžืŸ ืืช ื•ืœื“ืจ?
ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2021
ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2021 ื–ื•ืžืŸ ื•ืœื“ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœื™ื”ื•, ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื ืงืจ ื•ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืจื—ื™. ื•ืœื“ืจ ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืจืฅ ืืช ื“ื™ื ื•. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื” 22 ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ืœื“ืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืกื›ืžื”, ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืงื˜ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื•ืœื“ืจ. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ "ื”ืืจืฅ" ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื•ืœื“ืจ ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืขืฅ ืœืื™ืฉื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืžื•ืง ืžื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื•ืœื“ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืžื›ื•ืœ ื•ื›ื•ืœ, ื•ืื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืชืคืจืกื ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืžืŸ ืืช ื•ืœื“ืจ ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 2021.
efe9d8e5-8db8-4292-aaad-c34247be6953
ืžื™ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื•ืœื“ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื?
ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช
ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ืœื“ืจ ื ืชืงืœื” ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื—ืจื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ ืžืฉื” ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฉื•ืœื–ื™ื ื’ืจ. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื, ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืžืงื•ืจ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ื—ืจื“ื™ื™ื. ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื›ืœืœื” ื’ื ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื• ืืฉืจ ืœื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืžืคืจืกืžื™ื ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช. ื•ืœื“ืจ ื ืืœืฅ ืœื’ื ื•ื– ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืกืคืจื™ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคืฉืงื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžื—ื• ืขืœ ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ื›ืœืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื‘ื™ื•. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื“ื™ืจื• ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืžื•ืŸ "ื™ืชื“ ื ืืžืŸ" ืœื ืฆืœื—ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืชืžื™ื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื•ื ืืœื™ืฉื™ื‘. ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21 ื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืกืคืจื™ื• ืขื ื—ื•ืชืžืช ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœืช ืžื˜ืขื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื ืกื™ื ืงืจืœื™ืฅ.
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื•ืœื“ืจ ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื–ืจื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ืช.
713e112e-b757-469e-8813-ca164a56cb3c
ื›ืžื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชื• ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžืื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื’ื•ืœื“ื” ื ื•ืœื“ื”?
ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื
ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ื‘ (ื›ื™ื•ื, ื‘ื™ืจืช ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”), ื‘ืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื”. ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื” ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื•ื‘ืœื•ืžื” ืžืื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืœื‘ื™ืช ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฅ. ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœืคื ื™ื” ืžืชื• ื‘ื™ื ืงื•ืชื, ื•ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ื ื•ืชืจื” ืขื ืฉืชื™ ืื—ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื›ื‘ืช ืืจื‘ืข ื—ื•ื•ืชื” ืคื•ื’ืจื•ื ื ื’ื“ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื”. ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ื’ืจื•ื, ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืคื—ื“ ื•ืžืคื— ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœื™ื•ื• ืื•ืชื” ืœื ื”ืจืคื• ืžืžื ื” ื›ืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1903, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืื‘ื™ื” ื”ืชืงืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื ื’ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื’ืจ ื‘ื’ืคื• ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืขื™ืจ ืคื™ื ืกืง. ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉื”ืชื” ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื• ื‘ืคื™ื ืกืง ื”ืชืžืกืจื” ืื—ื•ืชื” ืฉื™ื™ื ื” ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช-ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืกื™ื›ื ื” ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ืกืชื‘ื›ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ื—ื•ืชื ืขืžื•ืง ืขืœ ื’ื•ืœื“ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื•ื–ื™ืจื– ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘-1906 ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื‘. ื’ื•ืœื“ื”, ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืฉืชื›ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืžื™ืœื•ื•ืงื™ ืฉื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื” ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืชื™ืืจื” ื›ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ื™, ืงื•ืจ, ืจืขื‘ ื•ืคื—ื“.
ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžืื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื ืคื˜ืจื• ืœืคื ื™ ืœื™ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื“ื”.
b4e9c8b3-e425-4a41-93f3-dc488f369475
ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื˜ืจืช ืกืื“ืืช?
ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™
ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ื™ืฆื—ื• ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื•ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ. ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื™ื ื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกืื“ืืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ืฆื”"ืœ, ืืœื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืช ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœื”. ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืกื›ื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื (ืœืื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืงืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœืื•ื–ื‘ื™ืฅ ื›ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ื”ืžืฉื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื"), ื•ื›ื™ ืกืื“ืืช ื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื™ืขื“ื™ื•. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืกื™ื ื™ ืœืœื ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื ืžืœื.
ืžื˜ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืื“ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™.
d2e6805c-f543-4bbe-b4cd-1a736cb645f5
ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืœื—ื™ืžื”?
ืกืงืื“
ื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื ืกื‘ืœื• ืžื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™. ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืžืขืจืš ื "ืž ืฆืคื•ืฃ ื•ืžืคื•ืชื— ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื›ืœืœ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืงืจืงืข ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื›ืชืฃ ื ื’ื“ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื "ืž ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื’ื SA-2 ื”ื ื™ื™ื—, ื•-SA-3 ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืกื•ืจื™ื) ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื’ื ื‘ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื "ืž ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ ืžื“ื’ื SA-6 ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืจืง"ื ื ื™ื™ื“. ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื™ืœ ื›ืชืฃ ืžื“ื’ื 9K32 ืกื˜ืจืœื”-2 ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื ื• ืžื”ื’ื ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืชื•ืชื—ื™ ื "ืž ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืงืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื’ื ZSU-23-4 "ืฉื™ืœืงื”" ืฉื”ืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœื™ ื˜ื™ืก ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื "ืž ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืจื—ื‘ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื”"ืœ. ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื˜ื™ืœื™ ืกืงืื“, ื‘ืื™ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืคืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืœื—ื™ืžื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช.
ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืกืงืื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœืœื—ื™ืžื”.
956e3bd6-2b1c-425e-bf2f-bbecdad1e510
ืžื” ืœืžื“ ื’ื•ืจื‘ืฆ'ื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”?
ื—ื™ื ื•ืš
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1950 ืกื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืจื‘ืฆ'ื•ื‘ ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ืžื“ืœื™ื™ืช ื›ืกืฃ. ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืชืขืงืฉ ืฉื”ื ืขืจ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื•ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื ืจืฉื ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืœืœื ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ืืฃ ืœืœื ืจืื™ื•ืŸ. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”. ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืคื ื• ืืœื™ื• ืžื˜ืขืžื” ื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื• "ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืฉืœ ืœื™ื ื” ื‘ืื›ืกื ื™ื”". ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื–ืžื ืชื• ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช: ืžื•ืฆืื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจื‘ืฆ'ื•ื‘ ื›ื—ืงืœืื™ (ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืื“ื™ืจ), ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ืคืจืก ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” - ืžืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื”ืื“ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื’ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืฉื ืช 1950 (ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ) ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช. ื’ื•ืจื‘ืฆ'ื•ื‘ ืืžืจ ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื•: "ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืœื ื’ื ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื”. ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืจื™ื - ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืคืขืจื™ ื™ื“ืข ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืฉืœื™. ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืฉืื ื™ ืืจื’ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”. ืื‘ืœ, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืฉืืคืชื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื”".
ื’ื•ืจื‘ืฆ'ื•ื‘ ืœืžื“ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”.