diff --git a/33/paper.pdf b/33/paper.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a5dab0cda424880fde5e0540c9c676d4a117a520 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/paper.pdf @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:da0ca5c450c35582a6a880517ceda077cda0ad95d05dfed682ef7bad1ed0cd4f +size 1806683 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Readme.pdf b/33/replication_package/Readme.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9113bb85d09daee468c84e22d890ec6f44cbb06d --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Readme.pdf @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:63ed7446442a34905f20fc28fc9ad63afc4111bb24f4d73dabef061b4467ceab +size 98045 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/POP_1840_NHGIS.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/POP_1840_NHGIS.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3a00e9e81f2cb3aebc83c42de5fa86f28e1ae7b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/POP_1840_NHGIS.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:a17de4b91b6f95b0fa6cfd107f5f416c2ff21a977ca23a3bc136bfdcaa38213e +size 68395 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/POP_1860_NHGIS.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/POP_1860_NHGIS.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..20b7c8b8ae9487229a6a5dc6adcd0aa691db24be --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/POP_1860_NHGIS.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:dfbfa5a653ffc61777c06bb820fa4d0f343c2c4a583794f07b2b3ecdda2dc295 +size 18651 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/POP_1900_NHGIS.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/POP_1900_NHGIS.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e05072e97efa914cd3abd18df59e308a768999d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/POP_1900_NHGIS.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:e3ae4101b85a3827dd4f8644f17c734dc91e3f2702c61f58a082a641d68b4587 +size 37467 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/POP_1910_NHGIS.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/POP_1910_NHGIS.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a1a0c9504fe2d79747b917738ee9a34f6dede133 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/POP_1910_NHGIS.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:480261d258b4bf5acb521314df6ffe3319ba52d9b9072243b2a4b53946a922a0 +size 37995 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/POP_1920_NHGIS.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/POP_1920_NHGIS.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b6ce6aa3aadd87160721dd73f12fa023be51350b --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/POP_1920_NHGIS.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:33407f02367be1082114dbe07b1ef41a93f9900b76440f6d0efa38f783bfd3e5 +size 39435 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/POP_1930_NHGIS.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/POP_1930_NHGIS.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3a58f572f06db8cc25ca545286437f8fa09568cd --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/POP_1930_NHGIS.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:15415a139f18a2d4e155b07b9fdd5f4ed7820182c16f9dfda8cbace87be167d9 +size 26707 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/POP_2010_NHGIS.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/POP_2010_NHGIS.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5750e97dbae334ba468bfff38776e75c1fb69c1f --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/POP_2010_NHGIS.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:b99f1d41278e9adc8b6f316e06ec2f3d8c4ddfc79c715dca8f8977b9b4a9d88a +size 41127 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/censusage.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/censusage.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2ebf1d433b469630c1dd72cc71784e9bf90925f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/censusage.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:414e267bc7d3684e0e2b5895933ad4b835a4a83a67ea2f345ee2d4d737eaf697 +size 50870 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/censuseducation.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/censuseducation.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..864f1465a251aaacbdbaa002ca349f80f97f5416 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/censuseducation.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:fa2f244a6850b318102c80e4e66c1c71fcf7a493007eb186937d755c539bf231 +size 50870 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/illiterate_NHGIS.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/illiterate_NHGIS.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..502e50f9626020b08981da388695d5f5fa96c391 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/illiterate_NHGIS.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:4979e87d77a168bad5b1a30287ebf07aee8e8ba984194601065838080ed33715 +size 178395 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/lynchallstates.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/lynchallstates.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..14a54e540ff67062272f8b739f14980f4f28c9c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/lynchallstates.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:edfc17eeb4b0242fb1f64a54c4fcca62525526f50f61fe4c00ff83f3fd2c048c +size 360081 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/lynchcorrectblacksnomob.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/lynchcorrectblacksnomob.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..62f0862d93d32c48a360ef797625e2cea958868b --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/lynchcorrectblacksnomob.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:ffc37e27639f080c0ca7215b606144b385b91fc7c1c57e50e97817f7caa923b3 +size 15969 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/lynchcorrectwhites.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/lynchcorrectwhites.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8fdb7ec1efa693b95d1bd9d3dbc26b8ba69d5d18 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/lynchcorrectwhites.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:81c1e9a63718363a91c36b9287db2e422a7e4b5fca7887839351072c0a09f512 +size 5790 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/maindata.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/maindata.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fe8b7b4cf5d26ba4293007529f47b4952e6b9118 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/maindata.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:951715290a2c3f2d51c729bf84aec5fdd92be2d3eded272c8320bcbff05faaef +size 115353 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/maritalcensus.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/maritalcensus.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b3de8c06d78e865b7149d3a7ee134040b7dad626 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/maritalcensus.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:08ad45a240fe6a01a098727665ef2d41946d8be5c942b8ab6daae8a748dd3c6d +size 52070 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/news.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/news.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..60b0732217d06463b86f5ac8986762ce3dd8092b --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/news.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:bf6665dbcc09ec89f5eac6772dd3f7c536e1bd9aa5ca695e558d96356934497e +size 111275 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/numslaves.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/numslaves.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9e7b0f8963e6e35b593742c098b632c8443e0180 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/numslaves.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:a534bad29ec64e68bf5acc7f181530f0a9b5a98d89b47d040615fb93c95292f1 +size 18619 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/religion.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/religion.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ebf42f8f19c2d9835d71e8db2bb49391178fc1d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/religion.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:e54bcc78f4818a85eb79f2f26cea5a5428ac02a33c53333962890ad9faba6b8a +size 40559 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/sfp93.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/sfp93.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..06cdd90380a47c36503e8deaf41ba0d1fc0d8068 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/sfp93.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:82b6b631f11090c13522b430bc10b9dc1acb5c84a075350ca3abd27a80b6e8a0 +size 324115 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/votingage1910.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/votingage1910.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d4563fbe0dd10d40528dbe4314f5d784f033774 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Analysis_data/votingage1910.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:c6ecc22f4bf508731aad7e5be81fc4c937588a6ef4982f364d07f7d38f0d1c23 +size 178395 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Censusage.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Censusage.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0bc373b0e99b29b6c897dbb6fbe0ec58a1bf75a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Censusage.do @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +clear + +#delimit; + +*** CLEANING FILE ***; +** Input file: censusage_temp from IPUMS NHGIS; +** Creates analysis data files: censusage to be used in Createmain.do; + +global infile = "Williams_files\Input_data"; +global outfile = "Williams_files\Analysis_data"; + +use "$infile\censusage_temp"; + +rename statea State_FIPS; +rename countya County_FIPS; + +generate fips = State_FIPS*1000 + County_FIPS; + +rename fm8002 Black_avgage; +rename fm8001 White_avgage; + +keep fips State_FIPS County_FIPS Black_avgage White_avgage; +save "$outfile\censusage", replace; + diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Censuseducation.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Censuseducation.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5466298e0137af13aa95a6672ba23dca04ba9e4c --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Censuseducation.do @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +clear + +#delimit; + +*** CLEANING FILE ***; +** Input file: censuseducation_temp from IPUMS NHGIS; +** Creates analysis data files: censuseducation to be used in Createmain.do; + +global infile = "Input_data"; +global outfile = "Analysis_data"; + +use "$infile/censuseducation_temp"; + +rename statea State_FIPS; +rename countya County_FIPS; +generate fips = State_FIPS*1000 + County_FIPS; + +generate Black_beyondhs = (grw018 + grw019 + grw020 + grw021 + grw025 + grw026 + grw027 + grw028)/(grw015 + grw016 + grw017 + grw018 + grw019 + grw020 + grw021 + grw022 + grw023 + grw024 + grw025 + grw026 + grw027 + grw028); +generate White_beyondhs = (grw004 + grw005 + grw006 + grw007 + grw011 + grw012 + grw013 + grw014)/( grw001 + grw002 + grw003 + grw004 + grw005 + grw006 + grw007 + grw008 + grw009 + grw010 + grw011 + grw012 + grw013 + grw014); + +keep fips State_FIPS County_FIPS Black_beyondhs White_beyondhs; +save "$outfile/censuseducation", replace; diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Illiterate.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Illiterate.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ffd7f50e9b5e4b3441ebc70c80359bfdd01f1940 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Illiterate.do @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clear + +#delimit; + +*** CLEANING FILE ***; +** Input data file: illiterate_temp from IPUMS NHGIS; +** Creates analysis data file: illiterate_NHGIS to be used in Createmain.do; + +global infile = "Input_data"; +global outfile = "Analysis_data"; + +use "$infile/illiterate_temp"; + +rename county County; +rename state State; +rename statea State_FIPS; +rename countya County_FIPS; +** To match with later years; +replace State_FIPS = State_FIPS/10; +replace County_FIPS = County_FIPS/10; + +generate fips = State_FIPS*1000+County_FIPS; + +generate White_illiterate = a35001 + a35002; +rename a35003 Black_illiterate; + +keep fips County State Black_illiterate White_illiterate; + +save "$outfile/illiterate_NHGIS", replace; diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Lynching.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Lynching.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5d72b7a1ebe3347b73a5d22559fdb72eb24f677b --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Lynching.do @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +clear + +#delimit; + +*** CLEANING FILE ***; +** Input file: lynching from Project HAL; +** Creates analysis data files: lynchcorrectblacksnomob and lynchcorrectwhites to be used in Createmain.do; + +global infile = "Input_data"; +global outfile = "Analysis_data"; + +use "$infile/lynching"; + +** Change state abbreviation to full spelling; +replace State = subinstr(State, "LA", "Louisiana", .); +replace State = subinstr(State, "GA", "Georgia", .); +replace State = subinstr(State, "NC", "North Carolina", .); +replace State = subinstr(State, "AL", "Alabama", .); +replace State = subinstr(State, "SC", "South Carolina", .); +replace State = subinstr(State, "FL", "Florida", .); +replace State = trim(State); + +** Keep southern states for which voter registration data are separated by race; +keep if State == "Louisiana"|State =="Georgia"|State=="North Carolina"|State=="Alabama"|State=="South Carolina"|State=="Florida"; + +** Change counties/parishes that are mispelled (or need to match the spelling in voting data) in original data obtained from Project HAL; +replace County = subinstr(County, "Calcasiau", "Calcasieu", .); +replace County = subinstr(County, "Arcadia", "Bienville", .); +replace County = subinstr(County, "Cataloula", "Catahoula", .); +replace County = subinstr(County, "Northamption", "Northampton", .) ; +replace County = subinstr(County, "St. John", "St. John the Baptist", .) ; +replace County = subinstr(County, "E.", "East", .); +replace County = subinstr(County, "W.", "West", .); +replace County = subinstr(County, "Jeff.", "Jefferson", .) if State == "Louisiana"; +replace County = subinstr(County, "Dade", "Miami-Dade", .) if State == "Florida"; +replace County = subinstr(County, "Suwanee", "Suwannee", .) if State == "Florida"; +replace County = subinstr(County, "St. John the Baptists", "St. Johns", .) if State == "Florida"; + +** Remove extra spaces from County names; +replace County = trim(County); + + +generate year = real(Year); +sort year; + +** Create data set for black victims; +preserve; +** Only focus on black lynchings by non black mobs; +drop if Mob == "Blk"; +keep if Race == "Blk"; +collapse (count) year, by(County State); + +drop if County == "Indeterminant"; +** Create number of black lynchings variable; +rename year lynchingmob; + +label variable lynchingmob "Number of black lynchings"; +save "$outfile/lynchcorrectblacksnomob", replace; +restore; + +preserve; +** Create data set for white victims; +keep if Race == "Wht"; +collapse (count) year, by(County State); +rename year lynchingmobwhite; +drop if County == "Indeterminant"; +label variable lynchingmobwhite "Number of white lynchings"; + +save "$outfile/lynchcorrectwhites", replace; +restore; diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Lynchingallstates.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Lynchingallstates.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..79a76b14f955cfc6a7d6db1efc62ea37f0b8f6ec --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Lynchingallstates.do @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +clear + +#delimit; + +*** CLEANING FILE ***; +** Input file: lynching from Project HAL; +** Creates analysis data files: lynchallstates to be used in Southernfocus.do; + +global infile = "Input_data"; +global outfile = "Analysis_data"; + +use "$infile/lynching"; + +replace State = subinstr(State, "LA", "Louisiana", .); +replace State = subinstr(State, "GA", "Georgia", .); +replace State = subinstr(State, "NC", "North Carolina", .); +replace State = subinstr(State, "AL", "Alabama", .); +replace State = subinstr(State, "SC", "South Carolina", .); +replace State = subinstr(State, "FL", "Florida", .); +replace State = subinstr(State, "AR", "Arkansas", .); +replace State = subinstr(State, "KY", "Kentucky", .); +replace State = subinstr(State, "MS", "Mississippi", .); +replace State = subinstr(State, "TN", "Tennessee", .); +replace State = trim(State); +replace County = subinstr(County, "Calcasiau", "Calcasieu", .); +replace County = subinstr(County, "Arcadia", "Bienville", .); +replace County = subinstr(County, "Cataloula", "Catahoula", .); +replace County = subinstr(County, "Northamption", "Northampton", .); +replace County = subinstr(County, "St. John", "St. John the Baptist", .); +replace County = subinstr(County, "E.", "East", .); +replace County = subinstr(County, "W.", "West", .); +replace County = subinstr(County, "Jeff.", "Jefferson", .) if State == "Louisiana"; +replace County = subinstr(County, "Dade", "Miami-Dade", .) if State == "Florida"; +replace County = subinstr(County, "Suwanee", "Suwannee", .) if State == "Florida"; +replace County = subinstr(County, "St. John the Baptists", "St. Johns", .) if State == "Florida"; +replace County = subinstr(County, "Crittendon", "Crittenden", .) if State == "Arkansas"; +replace County = subinstr(County, "Issequena", "Issaquena", .) if State == "Mississippi"; +replace County = subinstr(County, "Tallahatichie", "Tallahatchie", .) if State == "Mississippi"; +replace County = subinstr(County, "Jeff. Davis", "Jefferson Davis", .) if State == "Mississippi"; +replace County = trim(County); + +generate year = real(Year); +sort year; +drop if Mob == "Blk"; +keep if Race == "Blk"; +collapse (count) year, by(County State); +rename year lynchingmob; + + +merge 1:1 County State using "$infile/censusfipscodes"; +keep if State == "North Carolina"|State =="Louisiana"|State =="Georgia"|State =="Alabama"|State =="South Carolina" +|State=="Florida"|State=="Arkansas"|State=="Kentucky"|State=="Mississippi"|State=="Tennessee"; +replace lynchingmob = 0 if _merge == 2; +drop _merge; + +** Drop counties that are Indeterminant/Undecided/don't exist; +drop if fips == .; + +merge m:1 fips using "$outfile/POP_1900_NHGIS"; +drop _merge; +merge m:1 fips using "$outfile/POP_1910_NHGIS"; +drop _merge; +merge m:1 fips using "$outfile/POP_1920_NHGIS"; +drop _merge; +merge m:1 fips using "$outfile/POP_1930_NHGIS"; +drop _merge; + + + + +* Create a flag if 1900 population is missing; +generate flag_POP_1910 = 1 if Black_POP_1910 != . & (State == "North Carolina"|State =="Louisiana"|State =="Georgia"|State =="Alabama"|State =="South Carolina"|State=="Florida"|State=="Arkansas"|State=="Kentucky"|State=="Mississippi"|State=="Tennessee") & Black_POP_1900 ==.; + +* Create a flag if 1900 and 1910 population is missing; +generate flag_POP_1920 = 1 if Black_POP_1920 != . & (State == "North Carolina"|State =="Louisiana"|State =="Georgia"|State =="Alabama"|State =="South Carolina"|State=="Florida"|State=="Arkansas"|State=="Kentucky"|State=="Mississippi"|State=="Tennessee") & Black_POP_1910 ==.; + +** Generate flag for whites; +generate wflag_POP_1910 = 1 if White_POP_1910 != . & (State == "North Carolina"|State =="Louisiana"|State =="Georgia"|State =="Alabama"|State =="South Carolina"|State=="Florida"|State=="Arkansas"|State=="Kentucky"|State=="Mississippi"|State=="Tennessee") & Black_POP_1900 ==.; + +* Create a flag if 1900 and 1910 population is missing; +generate wflag_POP_1920 = 1 if White_POP_1920 != . & (State == "North Carolina"|State =="Louisiana"|State =="Georgia"|State =="Alabama"|State =="South Carolina"|State=="Florida"|State=="Arkansas"|State=="Kentucky"|State=="Mississippi"|State=="Tennessee") & Black_POP_1910 ==.; + +** Calculate lynchings per capita; +generate lynchcapitamob = (lynchingmob/Black_POP_1900)*10000; +replace lynchcapitamob = (lynchingmob/Black_POP_1910)*10000 if flag_POP_1910 == 1; +replace lynchcapitamob = (lynchingmob/Black_POP_1920)*10000 if flag_POP_1920 == 1; +replace lynchcapitamob = 0 if lynchingmob == 0; +save "$outfile/lynchallstates", replace; diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Marital.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Marital.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0c865792299419a03fc2b5e3effc9a207cdfcd9c --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Marital.do @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +clear + +#delimit; + +*** CLEANING FILE ***; +** Input data file: maritalcensus_temp from IPUMS NHGIS; +** Creates analysis data file: maritalcensus to be used in Createmain.do; + +global infile = "Input_data"; +global outfile = "Analysis_data"; + + +use "$infile/maritalcensus_temp"; + +rename statea State_FIPS; +rename countya County_FIPS; + +generate fips = State_FIPS*1000+County_FIPS; + +generate share_maritalblacks = (j0ye004 + j0ye005 + j0ye010 + j0ye011)/j0ye001; +generate share_maritalwhites = (j04e004 + j04e005 + j04e010 + j04e011)/j04e001; + +keep fips State_FIPS County_FIPS share_maritalblacks share_maritalwhites; + +save "$outfile/maritalcensus", replace; diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/News.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/News.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..334d7113bf5e71530ca9f57879c37db549a60b63 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/News.do @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +clear + +#delimit; + +*** CLEANING FILE ***; +** Input data file: news_temp from IPUMS NHGIS; +** Creates analysis data file: news to be used in Createmain.do; + +global infile = "Input_data"; +global outfile = "Analysis_data"; + + +use "$infile/news_temp"; +generate State_FIPS = real(statea); +generate County_FIPS = real(countya); +rename county County; +rename state State; +** To match with later years; +replace State_FIPS = State_FIPS/10; +replace County_FIPS = County_FIPS/10; +generate fips = State_FIPS*1000 + County_FIPS; + +** Rename Florida Territory and counties for merge; +replace State = subinstr(State, "Florida Territory", "Florida", .); +replace County = subinstr(County, "St ", "St. ", .); +replace County = subinstr(County, "DeKalb", "Dekalb", .) if State == "Alabama"; +replace County = subinstr(County, "St. John The Baptist", "St. John the Baptist", .) if State == "Louisiana"; + + +egen total = rowtotal(acm001 acm002 acm003 acm004); + +** Dividing by four because of the 4 different types of newspapers; +generate newspaper = total/4; +keep County State newspaper; + +save "$outfile/news", replace; diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Numslaves.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Numslaves.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3bf5ce83b8f58bf668795fdd674e761bab99e172 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Numslaves.do @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clear + +#delimit; + +*** CLEANING FILE ***; +** Input data file: numslaves_temp from IPUMS NHGIS; +** Creates analysis data file: numslaves to be used in Createmain.do; + +global infile = "Input_data"; +global outfile = "Analysis_data"; + + +use "$infile/numslaves_temp"; + +rename statea State_FIPS; +rename countya County_FIPS; +** To match with later years; +replace State_FIPS = State_FIPS/10; +replace County_FIPS = County_FIPS/10; +generate fips = State_FIPS*1000+County_FIPS; + +rename agu001 numslaves; + +keep fips numslaves; + +save "$outfile/numslaves", replace; diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/POP_1840.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/POP_1840.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f4beb2f6a08e6d85a48aeecdc18730421447bff5 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/POP_1840.do @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +clear + +#delimit; + +*** CLEANING FILE ***; +** Input data file: POP_1840_temp from IPUMS NHGIS; +** Creates analysis data file: POP_1840_NHGIS to be used in Createmain.do; + +global infile = "Input_data"; +global outfile = "Analysis_data"; + +use "$infile/POP_1840_temp"; + +rename county County; +rename state State; +rename statea State_FIPS; +rename countya County_FIPS; +** To match with later years; +replace State_FIPS = State_FIPS/10; +replace County_FIPS = County_FIPS/10; +generate fips = State_FIPS*1000 + County_FIPS; + +** Rename Florida Territory and counties for merge; +replace State = subinstr(State, "Florida Territory", "Florida", .); +replace County = subinstr(County, "St ", "St. ", .); +replace County = subinstr(County, "DeKalb", "Dekalb", .) if State == "Alabama"; +replace County = subinstr(County, "St. John The Baptist", "St. John the Baptist", .) if State == "Louisiana"; + + +rename acd001 Total_POP_1840; + +keep fips County State Total_POP_1840; + +save "$outfile/POP_1840_NHGIS", replace; diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/POP_1860.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/POP_1860.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d475dec3a4bdabe5a6e9820493e0581b52f4b46 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/POP_1860.do @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clear + +#delimit; + +*** CLEANING FILE ***; +** Input data file: POP_1860_temp from IPUMS NHGIS; +** Creates analysis data file: POP_1860_NHGIS to be used in Createmain.do; + +global infile = "Input_data"; +global outfile = "Analysis_data"; + + +use "$infile/POP_1860_temp"; + +rename statea State_FIPS; +rename countya County_FIPS; +** To match with later years; +replace State_FIPS = State_FIPS/10; +replace County_FIPS = County_FIPS/10; +generate fips = State_FIPS*1000+County_FIPS; + +rename ag3001 Total_POP_1860; + +keep fips Total_POP_1860; + +save "$outfile/POP_1860_NHGIS", replace; diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/POP_1900.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/POP_1900.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e4caf210ecbd48696d02bdf09f1341f49d767168 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/POP_1900.do @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +clear + +#delimit; + +*** CLEANING FILE ***; +** Input data file: POP_1900_temp from IPUMS NHGIS; +** Creates analysis data file: POP_1900_ to be used in Createmain.do; + +global infile = "Input_data"; +global outfile = "Analysis_data"; + +use "$infile/POP_1900_temp"; + +rename statea State_FIPS; +rename countya County_FIPS; +** To match with later years; +replace State_FIPS = State_FIPS/10; +replace County_FIPS = County_FIPS/10; +generate fips = State_FIPS*1000 + County_FIPS; + +generate Black_POP_1900 = az3003 + az3004; +rename az2001 White_POP_1900; + +** Replace Dade fips which was later changed to Miami-Dade fips code for merge; +replace fips = 12086 if fips == 12025; +keep fips Black_POP_1900 White_POP_1900; + +save "$outfile/POP_1900_NHGIS", replace; diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/POP_1910.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/POP_1910.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3ebabcd0a714abaa2a3a40efeafa7b49e08128f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/POP_1910.do @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clear + +#delimit; + +*** CLEANING FILE ***; +** Input data file: POP_1910_temp from IPUMS NHGIS; +** Creates analysis data file: POP_1910_NHGIS to be used in Createmain.do; + +global infile = "Input_data"; +global outfile = "Analysis_data"; + + +use "$infile/POP_1910_temp"; + +rename statea State_FIPS; +rename countya County_FIPS; +** To match with later years; +replace State_FIPS = State_FIPS/10; +replace County_FIPS = County_FIPS/10; +generate fips = State_FIPS*1000 + County_FIPS; + +generate Black_POP_1910 = a30003 + a30004; +generate White_POP_1910 = a30001 + a30002; + +** Replace Dade fips which was later changed to Miami-Dade fips code for merge; +replace fips = 12086 if fips == 12025; + +keep fips Black_POP_1910 White_POP_1910; + +save "$outfile/POP_1910_NHGIS", replace; diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/POP_1920.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/POP_1920.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..46c8a1eb5498373bad4eec896dee7016ac118363 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/POP_1920.do @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clear + +#delimit; + +*** CLEANING FILE ***; +** Input data file: POP_1920_temp from IPUMS NHGIS; +** Creates analysis data file: POP_1920_NHGIS to be used in Createmain.do; + +global infile = "Input_data"; +global outfile = "Analysis_data"; + + +use "$infile/POP_1920_temp"; + +rename statea State_FIPS; +rename countya County_FIPS; +** To match with later years; +replace State_FIPS = State_FIPS/10; +replace County_FIPS = County_FIPS/10; +generate fips = State_FIPS*1000 + County_FIPS; + +generate Black_POP_1920 = a8l005 + a8l006; +generate White_POP_1920 = a8l001 + a8l002 + a8l003 + a8l004; + +** Replace Dade fips which was later changed to Miami-Dade fips code for merge; +replace fips = 12086 if fips == 12025; + +keep fips Black_POP_1920 White_POP_1920; + +save "$outfile/POP_1920_NHGIS", replace; diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/POP_1930.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/POP_1930.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a431e5f6a14ecfcd343f5a71addd987a5ab76609 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/POP_1930.do @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +clear + +#delimit; + +*** CLEANING FILE ***; +** Input data file: POP_1930_temp from IPUMS NHGIS; +** Creates analysis data file: POP_1930_NHGIS to be used in Createmain.do; + +global infile = "Input_data"; +global outfile = "Analysis_data"; + + +use "$infile/POP_1930_temp"; + +rename statea State_FIPS; +rename countya County_FIPS; +** To match with later years; +replace State_FIPS = State_FIPS/10; +replace County_FIPS = County_FIPS/10; +generate fips = State_FIPS*1000 + County_FIPS; + +rename bc0001 Black_POP_1930; + +** Replace Dade fips which was later changed to Miami-Dade fips code for merge; +replace fips = 12086 if fips == 12025; + +keep fips Black_POP_1930; + +save "$outfile/POP_1930_NHGIS", replace; diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/POP_2010.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/POP_2010.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..01fd0605b8b3e6e30db334fff7858772eda6d514 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/POP_2010.do @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +clear + +#delimit; + +*** CLEANING FILE ***; +** Input data file: POP_2010_temp from IPUMS NHGIS; +** Creates analysis data file: POP_2010_NHGIS to be used in Createmain.do; + + +global infile = "Input_data"; +global outfile = "Analysis_data"; + + +use "$infile/POP_2010_temp"; + +rename statea State_FIPS; +rename countya County_FIPS; + +generate fips = State_FIPS*1000+County_FIPS; + +rename h7x002 White_POP_2010; +rename h7x003 Black_POP_2010; + +keep fips Black_POP_2010 White_POP_2010; + +save "$outfile/POP_2010_NHGIS", replace; diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Proact.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Proact.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e042e0f3c8029bd03dc2fe23fcc59ef4a1b8cd07 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Proact.do @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +clear + +#delimit; + +*** CLEANING FILE and RESULTS FILE ***; +** Input file: proact_reg_temp; + +global infile = "Input_data"; +global outfile = "Analysis_data"; +global outfile2 = "Latex_files"; + +use "$infile/proact_reg_temp"; + +generate Black_regpreact = pre_act_nonwhite/vote_age_nonwhite*100; +generate White_regpreact = pre_act_white/vote_age_white*100; +generate White_regpostact = post_act_white/vote_age_white*100; +generate Black_regpostact = post_act_nonwhite/vote_age_nonwhite*100; + +generate total_vote = vote_age_nonwhite + vote_age_white; +generate sharenonwhite = vote_age_nonwhite/total_vote; + +merge 1:1 fips using "$outfile/lynchallstates"; +drop _merge; + +** Pre Act results; +binscatter Black_regpreact lynchcapitamob, controls(sharenonwhite) absorb(State_FIPS) graphregion(color(white)) bgcolor(white) +ytitle("Percentage of black registered voters") xtitle("Black lynching rate") title("Pre-Act"); +graph save "regpreact.gph", replace; + +** Post Act results; +binscatter Black_regpostact lynchcapitamob, controls(sharenonwhite) absorb(State_FIPS) graphregion(color(white)) bgcolor(white) +ytitle("Percentage of black registered voters") xtitle("Black lynching rate") title("Post-Act"); +graph save "regpostact.gph", replace; + +graph combine regpreact.gph regpostact.gph, xcommon ycommon graphregion(color(white)); +graph export "$outfile2/proact.eps", as(eps) preview(off) replace; + diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Religion.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Religion.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c58f4e31bb9db6c226b4961ce0144dd50bab885d --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Religion.do @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +clear + +#delimit; + +*** CLEANING FILE ***; +** Input data file: USReligionCensus2010.DTA from the 2010 Census (Religious Census: Religious Congregations Membership Study); +** Creates analysis data file: religion to be used in Createmain.do; + +global infile = "Input_data"; +global outfile = "Analysis_data"; + + +use "$infile/USReligionCensus2010.DTA"; + +merge 1:1 fips using "$outfile/POP_2010_NHGIS"; + +** Church variables; +egen holder = rowtotal(ameadh amezadh cmeadh cgcadh nbcaadh nbcadh nmbcadh pnbcadh); +generate blackmemrate = (holder/Black_POP_2010)*1000; + +keep fips blackmemrate; + +save "$outfile/religion", replace; diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/SFP93.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/SFP93.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..17cd3ab6f322a370aa32811e67ce5302ec5f9532 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/SFP93.do @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +clear all + +*** CLEANING FILE ***; +** Input data file: sfp93_temp from the Southern Focus Poll; +** Creates analysis data file: sfp93 to be used in __.do; + +#delimit; + +global infile = "Input_data"; +global outfile = "Analysis_data"; + +use "$infile/sfp93_temp"; + +** Create fips code; +rename STFIPS State_FIPS; +rename CNTY County_FIPS; +generate fips = State_FIPS*1000+County_FIPS; + + +** PATRIOT is when you were growing up, how important was it to your parents that you be patriotic; +** Note: This variable is available in other years but is a different question; +** 5 = dont know or no answer/ this is in reverse order i.e. 1 = important 4 = not at all important; +replace PATRIOT = . if PATRIOT == 5 & year == 1993; +** The variable pat will rescale patriot so that highest value means really patriotic; +generate pat = .; +replace pat = 1 if PATRIOT == 4; +replace pat = 2 if PATRIOT == 3; +replace pat = 3 if PATRIOT == 2; +replace pat = 4 if PATRIOT == 1; + +save "$outfile/sfp93", replace; + + diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Setup_file.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Setup_file.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b1ab2bd1ab693d82bbed8879ad8ab15c7b8179b --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Setup_file.do @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +clear all +set more off + +program main + * *** Add required packages from SSC to this list *** + local ssc_packages psacalc binscatter estout coefplot + + foreach pkg in `ssc_packages' { + * install using ssc, but avoid re-installing if already present + capture which `pkg' + if _rc == 111 { + dis "Installing `pkg'" + quietly ssc install `pkg', replace + } + } + +end + +main diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Votingage.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Votingage.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b4064bd7505b227bb6b6047f2b87751c318167a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Cleaning_files/Votingage.do @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +clear + +#delimit; + +*** CLEANING FILE ***; +** Input data file: votingage1910_temp from IPUMS NHGIS; +** Creates analysis data file: votingage1910 to be used in Createmain.do; + +global infile = "Input_data"; +global outfile = "Analysis_data"; + + +use "$infile/votingage1910_temp"; + +rename county County; +rename state State; +rename statea State_FIPS; +rename countya County_FIPS; +** To match with later years; +replace State_FIPS = State_FIPS/10; +replace County_FIPS = County_FIPS/10; + +generate fips = State_FIPS*1000+County_FIPS; + +generate White_votingage = a32001 + a32002 + a32003; +rename a32005 Black_votingage; + +keep fips County State Black_votingage White_votingage; + +save "$outfile/votingage1910", replace; diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Input_data/POP_1840_temp.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Input_data/POP_1840_temp.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..537bae11b020648f1df81b29f8969b5416dec9ff --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Input_data/POP_1840_temp.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:0bff06d076093fff6d838649177c1a56791d534892386d7483be3b48ce191d3e +size 113195 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Input_data/POP_1860_temp.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Input_data/POP_1860_temp.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aaa2683c242a51a45367c057b380b2c143cc1b10 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Input_data/POP_1860_temp.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:61c153edc4c928d3cc14e3e0cf7b0530d264371d8ca0e0a03db124f713ad3041 +size 270527 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Input_data/POP_1900_temp.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Input_data/POP_1900_temp.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..52f476f0a5e6bca4a60fbe370372d211e2faea60 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Input_data/POP_1900_temp.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:dc281f415e7f43d653dbca04481835576afbda3cea77247ae072f3794911ec5a +size 433971 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Input_data/POP_1910_temp.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Input_data/POP_1910_temp.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..395a6ba3415cc6ecb2a4f5c87eebacd38b708b91 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Input_data/POP_1910_temp.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:dccfbd6ba73cf6860bf5bb938ce462aac77eb6994f7e95569b64f912f2fc132c +size 327275 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Input_data/POP_1920_temp.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Input_data/POP_1920_temp.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..295153dedbd61cf170348003790ceb12c4ddfdd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Input_data/POP_1920_temp.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:426e149365bdc92de8fc3bd509195274e64e96cce2926b00058f3efb1a4ce0e2 +size 470875 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Input_data/POP_1930_temp.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Input_data/POP_1930_temp.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ae73db54365c635a1007b268a6c8c812fc086a93 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Input_data/POP_1930_temp.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:bb10a4150e85d2b6e4bf0cf6e5d28a0356092448780e69c3037dd83bf382cbb2 +size 266831 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Input_data/POP_2010_temp.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Input_data/POP_2010_temp.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6740cc584e45fd5fcba97910bd9cc3bcc48a2839 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Input_data/POP_2010_temp.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:037c590962a3779d60965458fc75e1d53b61a98a9f6131db9b29115ba93f48d8 +size 578205 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Input_data/PartyDominance.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Input_data/PartyDominance.dta new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..967e4017a3d7401b4009c98ef45857d1274335a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Input_data/PartyDominance.dta @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:1fcc221968187c2fd82cc6b7022c2bcae1dea3e073423ae328c9494823b95c46 +size 33203 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Input_data/SEER_POP.dta b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Input_data/SEER_POP.dta new file mode 100644 index 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+\def\lastrev{2011/07/24} +%% Author: +%% Dr. Melissa Rice, Ph.D. +%% Full Moon Technical Solutions, LLC +%% 14202 60th Ave NW +%% Stanwood, WA 98292-4808, USA +%% melissa@fmtek.net +%% voice: +1 (360) 654-0709 Pacific Time Zone (GMT-7 or -8) +%% cell: +1 (425) 923-7713 +%% +%% Copyright 2007-2011 Melissa Rice, Full Moon Technical Solutions, LLC (dba FMTek, LLC) +%% + +% ============================================================================== +% Class ID and Options +% ============================================================================== + +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1995/12/01] +\ProvidesClass{AEA}[\lastrev \space American Economic Association Article Classes] +\RequirePackage{multicol} +\RequirePackage{setspace} +\RequirePackage[leqno]{amsmath} + +% default settings +\@twosidefalse +\@twocolumnfalse +\newif\if@restonecol +\newif\if@PP \@PPfalse +\newif\if@JEL \@JELfalse +\newif\if@JEP \@JEPfalse +\newif\if@AEJ \@AEJfalse +\newif\if@draftmode \@draftmodefalse +\newif\if@reviewmode \@reviewmodefalse +\def\droparg#1{} + + +% Journal Options +\def\@issueName{No Journal Selected} + +\DeclareOption{AER}{ + % AER is the default if no journal is specified + \def\@issueName{THE AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW} + \@twosidetrue + \@twocolumnfalse +} + +\DeclareOption{PP}{ + \def\@issueName{PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS} + \@twosidetrue + \@twocolumntrue + \@PPtrue +} + +\DeclareOption{JEL}{ + \def\@issueName{JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC LITERATURE} + \@twosidetrue + \@twocolumntrue + \@JELtrue +} + +\DeclareOption{JEP}{ + \def\@issueName{JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES} + \@twosidetrue + \@twocolumnfalse + \@JEPtrue +} + +\DeclareOption{AEJ}{ + \def\@issueName{AMERICAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL} + \@twosidetrue + \@twocolumnfalse + \@AEJtrue +} + +% double spacing and other options +\def\@spacingStretch{1} +\def\spacingStretch#1{\gdef\@spacingStretch{#1}} +\def\@draftSpacing{1} +\def\draftSpacing#1{\gdef\@draftSpacing{#1}} +\def\setDocumentSpacing{\let\@currsize\normalsize + \if@draftmode\spacingStretch{\@draftSpacing}\fi + \setstretch{\@spacingStretch} +} +\AtBeginDocument{\setDocumentSpacing + \if@draftmode\overfullrule=3pt\else\overfullrule=0pt\fi +% As of July 2011 the authors are no longer concealed in the review copy +% \if@reviewmode +% \def\author#1{\gdef\@author{Author Undisclosed}} +% \fi + \@ifundefined{harvardand}{}{\renewcommand{\harvardand}{and}} +} + +% Draft options +\DeclareOption{draftmode}{ + \def\mode{draft} + \@draftmodetrue +} +\DeclareOption{reviewmode}{ + \def\mode{review} + \@twocolumnfalse + \spacingStretch{1.5} + \@reviewmodetrue +} +\DeclareOption{finalmode}{ + \def\mode{final} + \spacingStretch{1} +} + +% Default Options +\ExecuteOptions{AER,finalmode} +\ProcessOptions + +\typeout{Journal Selected: \@issueName} +\typeout{Mode Selected: \mode} + +\long\def\acknowledgement#1\end{\endgroup\xacknowledgement{#1}\droparg} +\long\def\xacknowledgement#1{\if@reviewmode\else\if@JEP\par\noindent\rule{4pt}{4pt}\ + #1\par\vskip\baselineskip\else\par \textbf{Please put acknowledgements in the author footnote in this style.}\par\fi\fi} + +% ============================================================================== +% Fonts +% ============================================================================== +\DeclareFontFamily{T1}{cmr}{} +\DeclareFontShape{T1}{cmr}{m}{n}{% + <5><6><7><8><9>gen*dcr% + <10><10.7><11>dcr10% + <12><14><15><16>dcr12% + <20>dcr17}{} +\DeclareFontShape{T1}{cmr}{m}{sl}{% + <5><6><7><8>dcsl8% + <9>dcsl9% + <10><10.7><11>dcsl10% + <12><144><15><16>dcsl12% + <20>dcsl17% + }{} +\DeclareFontShape{T1}{cmr}{m}{it}{% + <5><6>dcti7% + <7><8><9>gen*dcti% + <10><10.7><11>dcti10% + <12><14><15><16>dcti12% + <20>dcti17% + }{} +\DeclareFontShape{T1}{cmr}{m}{sc}{% + <5><6><7><8><9><10><10.7><11>dccsc10% + <12><14><15><16>dccsc12% + <20>dccsc17% + }{} +\DeclareFontShape{T1}{cmr}{m}{ui}{% + <5><6>dcu7% + <7><8><9>gen*dcu% + <10><10.7><11>dcu10% + <12><14><15><16>dcu12% + <20>dcu17% + }{} +\DeclareFontShape{T1}{cmr}{b}{n}{% + <5><6><7><8><9>gen*dcb% + <10><10.7><11>dcb10% + <12><14><15><16>dcb12% + <20>dcb17% + }{} +\DeclareFontFamily{T1}{cmss}{} +\DeclareFontShape{T1}{cmss}{m}{n}{% + <5><6><7><8>dcss8% + <9>dcss9% + <10><10.7><11>dcss10% + <12><14><15><16>dcss12% + <20>dcss17% + }{} +\DeclareFontShape{T1}{cmss}{m}{it}% + {<->sub*cmss/m/sl}{} +\DeclareFontShape{T1}{cmss}{m}{sl}{% + <5><6><7><8>dcssi8% + <9>dcssi9% + <10><10.7><11>dcssi10% + <12><14><15><16>dcssi12% + <20>dcssi17% + }{} +\DeclareFontShape{T1}{cmss}{bx}{n}{% + <5><6><7><8><9><10><10.7><11><12><14><15><16><20>dcssbx10% + }{} + + +\newcommand\FivePtType{\@setfontsize\FivePtType\@vpt\@vipt} +\newcommand\SixPtType{\@setfontsize\SixPtType\@vipt\@viipt} +\newcommand\EightPtClose{\@setfontsize\EightPtClose\@viiipt{9}} +\newcommand\EightPtType{\@setfontsize\EightPtType\@viiipt{10}} +\newcommand\NinePtClose{\@setfontsize\NinePtClose\@ixpt{10}} +\newcommand\NinePtType{\@setfontsize\NinePtType\@ixpt{11}} +\newcommand\TenPtClose{\@setfontsize\TenPtClose\@xpt\@xipt} +\newcommand\TenPtType{\@setfontsize\TenPtType\@xpt\@xiipt} +\newcommand\TenPtJEL{\@setfontsize\TenPtJEL{10.5}{12}} +\newcommand\TenPtPlusType{\@setfontsize\TenPtPlusType{10.7}{12.5}} +\newcommand\TenPtLoose{\@setfontsize\TenPtLooseType\@xpt{13}} +\newcommand\ElevenPtClose{\@setfontsize\ElevenPtClose\@xipt{12}} +\newcommand\ElevenPtType{\@setfontsize\ElevenPtType\@xipt{13}} +\newcommand\ElevenPtLoose{\@setfontsize\ElevenPtLoose\@xipt{14}} +\newcommand\TwelvePtClose{\@setfontsize\TwelvePtClose\@xiipt{13}} +\newcommand\TwelvePtType{\@setfontsize\TwelvePtType\@xiipt{14.4}} +\newcommand\FourteenPtType{\@setfontsize\FourteenPtType{14}{16.8}} +\newcommand\FourteenPtLoose{\@setfontsize\FourteenPtLoose{14}{18}} +\newcommand\FifteenPtType{\@setfontsize\FifteenPtType{15}{18}} +\newcommand\SixteenPtType{\@setfontsize\SixteenPtType{16}{19.2}} +\newcommand\SixteenPtClose{\@setfontsize\SixteenPtCLose{16}{18}} +\newcommand\TwentyPtType{\@setfontsize\TwentyPtType{20}{24}} +\newcommand\TwentyFourPtTight{\@setfontsize\TwentyFourPtTight{24}{24}} + + +\newcommand\small{\EightPtType} +\newcommand\scriptsize{\NinePtType} +\newcommand\tiny{\FivePtType} +\newcommand\large{\TenPtType} +\newcommand\Large{\ElevenPtType} +\newcommand\LARGE{\TwelvePtType} +\newcommand\huge{\FourteenPtType} +\newcommand\Huge{\SixteenPtType} + +% default footnotesize +\newcommand\footnotesize{% + \TenPtClose% + \abovedisplayskip 8\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus3\p@ + \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus1\p@ + \belowdisplayshortskip 3\p@ \@plus1\p@ \@minus1\p@ + \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini + \topsep 3\p@ \@plus1\p@ \@minus1\p@ + \parsep 1\p@ \@plus0.5\p@ \@minus0.5\p@ + \itemsep \parsep}% + \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip +} + +% AER fonts and default settings +\if@reviewmode +\renewcommand\normalsize{% + \TwelvePtType + \abovedisplayskip 12\p@ \@plus1\p@ \@minus4\p@ + \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus2\p@ + \belowdisplayshortskip 6\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus2\p@ + \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip + \let\@listi\@listI} +\renewcommand\footnotesize{% + \TenPtClose% + \abovedisplayskip 8\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus3\p@ + \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus1\p@ + \belowdisplayshortskip 3\p@ \@plus1\p@ \@minus1\p@ + \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini + \topsep 3\p@ \@plus1\p@ \@minus1\p@ + \parsep 1\p@ \@plus0.5\p@ \@minus0.5\p@ + \itemsep \parsep}% + \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip +} +\def\titlesize{\FourteenPtType} +\def\authorsize{\TwelvePtType} +\def\captionsize{\TenPtType} +\def\headsize{\TenPtType} +\def\sectionsize{\TwelvePtType} +\def\subsectionsize{\sectionsize} +\def\abstractbodysize{\TwelvePtType} +\def\notesize{\TenPtType} +\else +\renewcommand\normalsize{% + \ElevenPtType + \abovedisplayskip 11\p@ \@plus1\p@ \@minus4\p@ + \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus2\p@ + \belowdisplayshortskip 5\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus2\p@ + \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip + \let\@listi\@listI} +\renewcommand\footnotesize{% + \EightPtClose% + \abovedisplayskip 7\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus3\p@ + \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus1\p@ + \belowdisplayshortskip 3\p@ \@plus1\p@ \@minus1\p@ + \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini + \topsep 3\p@ \@plus1\p@ \@minus1\p@ + \parsep 1\p@ \@plus0.5\p@ \@minus0.5\p@ + \itemsep \parsep}% + \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip +} +\def\titlesize{\FourteenPtLoose} +\def\authorsize{\ElevenPtType} +\def\captionsize{\EightPtClose} +\def\headsize{\EightPtType} +\def\sectionsize{\TenPtLoose} +\def\subsectionsize{\ElevenPtType} +\def\abstractbodysize{\ElevenPtClose} +\def\notesize{\EightPtClose} +\fi + +\if@PP + \renewcommand\normalsize{% + \TenPtPlusType + \abovedisplayskip 11\p@ \@plus1\p@ \@minus4\p@ + \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus2\p@ + \belowdisplayshortskip 5\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus2\p@ + \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip + \let\@listi\@listI} + \normalsize + \renewcommand\footnotesize{% + \EightPtType% + \abovedisplayskip 7\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus3\p@ + \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus1\p@ + \belowdisplayshortskip 3\p@ \@plus1\p@ \@minus1\p@ + \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini + \topsep 3\p@ \@plus1\p@ \@minus1\p@ + \parsep 1\p@ \@plus0.5\p@ \@minus0.5\p@ + \itemsep \parsep}% + \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip + } + \renewcommand\small{\EightPtType} + \renewcommand\scriptsize{\NinePtType} + \renewcommand\tiny{\FivePtType} + \renewcommand\large{\TenPtType} + \renewcommand\Large{\ElevenPtType} + \renewcommand\LARGE{\TwelvePtType} + \renewcommand\huge{\FourteenPtType} + \renewcommand\Huge{\SixteenPtType} + \def\titlesize{\FifteenPtType} + \def\authorsize{\TenPtType} + \def\headsize{\EightPtType} + \def\sectionsize{\TenPtType} + \def\abstractbodysize{\TenPtClose} + \def\notesize{\EightPtClose} +\fi + +\if@JEL + \renewcommand\normalsize{% + \TenPtJEL + \abovedisplayskip 12\p@ \@plus1\p@ \@minus4\p@ + \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus2\p@ + \belowdisplayshortskip 5\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus2\p@ + \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip + \let\@listi\@listI} + \normalsize + \renewcommand\footnotesize{% + \EightPtClose% + \abovedisplayskip 7\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus3\p@ + \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus1\p@ + \belowdisplayshortskip 3\p@ \@plus1\p@ \@minus1\p@ + \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini + \topsep 3\p@ \@plus1\p@ \@minus1\p@ + \parsep 1\p@ \@plus0.5\p@ \@minus0.5\p@ + \itemsep \parsep}% + \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip + } + \renewcommand\small{\EightPtType} + \renewcommand\scriptsize{\NinePtType} + \renewcommand\tiny{\FivePtType} + \renewcommand\large{\TenPtType} + \renewcommand\Large{\ElevenPtType} + \renewcommand\LARGE{\TwelvePtType} + \renewcommand\huge{\FourteenPtType} + \renewcommand\Huge{\SixteenPtType} + \def\titlesize{\TwentyFourPtTight} + \def\authorsize{\ElevenPtLoose} + \def\headsize{\EightPtType} + \def\captionsize{\NinePtClose} + \def\sectionsize{\TenPtJEL} + \def\subsectionsize{\TenPtJEL} + \def\abstractbodysize{\TenPtJEL} + \def\notesize{\EightPtClose} % no table notes in this style, officially +\fi + +\if@JEP + \renewcommand\normalsize{% + \TenPtLoose + \abovedisplayskip 13\p@ \@plus1\p@ \@minus4\p@ + \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus2\p@ + \belowdisplayshortskip 5\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus2\p@ + \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip + \let\@listi\@listI} + \normalsize + \renewcommand\footnotesize{% + \EightPtType% + \abovedisplayskip 7\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus3\p@ + \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus1\p@ + \belowdisplayshortskip 3\p@ \@plus1\p@ \@minus1\p@ + \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini + \topsep 3\p@ \@plus1\p@ \@minus1\p@ + \parsep 1\p@ \@plus0.5\p@ \@minus0.5\p@ + \itemsep \parsep}% + \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip + } + \renewcommand\small{\EightPtType} + \renewcommand\scriptsize{\NinePtType} + \renewcommand\tiny{\FivePtType} + \renewcommand\large{\TenPtType} + \renewcommand\Large{\ElevenPtType} + \renewcommand\LARGE{\TwelvePtType} + \renewcommand\huge{\FourteenPtType} + \renewcommand\Huge{\SixteenPtType} + \def\titlesize{\TwentyPtType} + \def\authorsize{\SixteenPtClose} + \def\headsize{\EightPtType} + \def\captionsize{\TenPtLoose} + \def\sectionsize{\TwelvePtClose} + \def\subsectionsize{\TenPtLoose} + \def\abstractbodysize{\TenPtClose} % no abstract for this journal + \def\notesize{\EightPtType} +\fi + +\if@AEJ + \renewcommand\normalsize{% + \ElevenPtType + \abovedisplayskip 13\p@ \@plus1\p@ \@minus4\p@ + \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus2\p@ + \belowdisplayshortskip 5\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus2\p@ + \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip + \let\@listi\@listI} + \normalsize + \renewcommand\footnotesize{% + \EightPtClose% + \abovedisplayskip 7\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus3\p@ + \abovedisplayshortskip \z@ \@plus1\p@ + \belowdisplayshortskip 3\p@ \@plus1\p@ \@minus1\p@ + \def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini + \topsep 3\p@ \@plus1\p@ \@minus1\p@ + \parsep 1\p@ \@plus0.5\p@ \@minus0.5\p@ + \itemsep \parsep}% + \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip + } + \renewcommand\small{\EightPtType} + \renewcommand\scriptsize{\NinePtType} + \renewcommand\tiny{\FivePtType} + \renewcommand\large{\TenPtType} + \renewcommand\Large{\ElevenPtType} + \renewcommand\LARGE{\TwelvePtType} + \renewcommand\huge{\FourteenPtType} + \renewcommand\Huge{\SixteenPtType} + \def\titlesize{\FourteenPtLoose} + \def\authorsize{\ElevenPtType} + \def\headsize{\EightPtType} + \def\captionsize{\EightPtClose} + \def\sectionsize{\TenPtLoose} + \def\subsectionsize{\ElevenPtType} + \def\abstractbodysize{\ElevenPtClose} + \def\notesize{\EightPtClose} +\fi + +\normalsize + +% obsolete markup +\DeclareOldFontCommand{\rm}{\normalfont\rmfamily}{\mathrm} +\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sf}{\normalfont\sffamily}{\mathsf} +\DeclareOldFontCommand{\tt}{\normalfont\ttfamily}{\mathtt} +\DeclareOldFontCommand{\bf}{\normalfont\bfseries}{\mathbf} +\DeclareOldFontCommand{\it}{\normalfont\itshape}{\mathit} +\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sl}{\normalfont\itshape}{\mathit} +\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sc}{\normalfont\scshape}{\@nomath\sc} +\DeclareRobustCommand*\cal{\@fontswitch\relax\mathcal} +\DeclareRobustCommand*\mit{\@fontswitch\relax\mathnormal} + +% ============================================================================== +% Layout +% ============================================================================== + +% paper size +\setlength\paperheight{11in} +\setlength\paperwidth{8.5in} + +% AER is default +% margins +\setlength\textwidth{135.5mm} +\setlength\textheight{200mm} +\setlength\topmargin{-10pt} +\setlength\oddsidemargin{14mm} +\setlength\evensidemargin{\oddsidemargin} +\setlength\headheight{24pt} +\setlength\headsep {14pt} +\setlength\topskip {11.74pt} +\setlength\maxdepth{.5\topskip} +\setlength\footskip{15pt} +% two column settings +\setlength\columnsep{\z@} +\setlength\columnseprule{\z@} +% line and paragraph stuff +\setlength\parskip{0\p@ \@plus1\p@} +\setlength\parindent{10pt} +\setlength\lineskip{1\p@} +\setlength\normallineskip{1\p@} +\renewcommand\baselinestretch{} +% skips +\def\abovetitleskip{-26pt} + + +\if@PP + % margins + \setlength\textwidth{151mm} + \setlength\textheight{229mm} + \setlength\topmargin{-14mm} + \setlength\oddsidemargin{7mm} + \setlength\evensidemargin{\oddsidemargin} + \setlength\headheight{24pt} + \setlength\headsep {14pt} + \setlength\topskip {11.74pt} + \setlength\maxdepth{.5\topskip} + \setlength\footskip{15pt} + % two column settings + \setlength\columnsep{6.5mm} + \setlength\columnseprule{\z@} +\fi + +\if@JEL + % margins + \setlength\textwidth{141.8mm} + \setlength\textheight{200mm} + \setlength\topmargin{-10pt} + \setlength\oddsidemargin{12mm} + \setlength\evensidemargin{\oddsidemargin} + \setlength\headheight{24pt} + \setlength\headsep {14pt} + \setlength\topskip {11.74pt} + \setlength\maxdepth{.5\topskip} + \setlength\footskip{15pt} + % two column settings + \setlength\columnsep{18\p@} + \setlength\columnseprule{\z@} +\fi + +\if@JEP + % margins + \setlength\textwidth{127mm} + \setlength\textheight{202mm} + \setlength\topmargin{-10pt} + \setlength\oddsidemargin{18.6mm} + \setlength\evensidemargin{\oddsidemargin} + \setlength\headheight{24pt} + \setlength\headsep {14pt} + \setlength\topskip {11.74pt} + \setlength\maxdepth{.5\topskip} + \setlength\footskip{15pt} + \setlength\parindent{2em} +\fi + +% skips +\def\abovetitleskip{-26pt} + +% penalties +\@lowpenalty 51 +\@medpenalty 151 +\@highpenalty 301 + +\if@draftmode + \def\@issueName{} +\fi + +% head and foot +\def\ps@titlepage{ + \leftskip=6pt\rightskip=\leftskip + \def\@oddfoot{\hfil{\small\textit{\thepage}}\hfil} + \let\@evenfoot\@oddfoot + \let\@oddhead\@empty + \let\@evenhead\@empty +} +\def\ps@headings{ + \leftskip=0pt\rightskip=0pt + \let\@oddfoot\@empty + \let\@evenfoot\@empty + \def\@oddhead{{\small\textit{\MakeUppercase{VOL. \@pubVolume\ \ NO. \@pubIssue\hfil\@shortTitle\hfil\thepage}}}} + \def\@evenhead{{\small\textit{\MakeUppercase{\thepage\hfil\@issueName\hfil\@pubMonth\ \@pubYear}}}} +} + +\if@JEP +\def\ps@headings{ + \leftskip=0pt\rightskip=0pt + \let\@oddfoot\@empty + \let\@evenfoot\@empty + \def\@oddhead{{\small\textit{\MakeUppercase{\hfil\@shortTitle\hfil\thepage}}}} + \def\@evenhead{{\small\textit{\MakeUppercase{\thepage\hfil\@issueName\hfil}}}} +} +\fi + +\pagestyle{headings} +\thispagestyle{titlepage} +\pagenumbering{arabic} + +% justification +\if@twoside + \flushbottom +\else + \raggedbottom +\fi +\if@twocolumn + \twocolumn + \sloppy + \flushbottom +\else + \onecolumn +\fi + +% margin notes ??? do we want these at all? +\setlength\marginparsep {0\p@} +\setlength\marginparpush{0\p@} +\setlength\marginparwidth {0\p@} +\if@twoside + \@mparswitchfalse +\else + \@mparswitchtrue % margin notes to the outside +\fi + + + +% ============================================================================== +% PDF Document Info Section +% ============================================================================== + +% Note: file location is produced in review mode anyway, despite code below. + +\def\extendedVersion{TeX: AEA.cls \lastrev \ (\mode mode) \ \@issueName} + +\@ifundefined{pdfinfo}{}{\pdfinfo{ /Creator (\extendedVersion)}} + +% As of July 2011 the authors are no longer concealed in the review copy +%\@ifundefined{pdfinfo}{}{ +%\if@reviewmode +%\pdfinfo +%{ /Title () +%/Location () +%/Creator (\extendedVersion)} +%\else +%\pdfinfo +%{ /Creator (\extendedVersion)} +%\fi} + +% ============================================================================== +% Frontmatter +% ============================================================================== + +% document variables +\def\issueName#1{\gdef\@issueName{#1}} + +% blank +\long\gdef\@blank{} + +% JEL Classifications +\long\gdef\@JEL{} +\long\def\JEL#1{\long\gdef\@JEL{#1}} + +% Keywords +\long\gdef\@Keywords{} +\long\def\Keywords#1{\long\gdef\@Keywords{#1}} + +% Publication Data +\long\gdef\@pubYear{Year} +\long\def\pubYear#1{\long\gdef\@pubYear{#1}} + +\long\gdef\@pubMonth{Month} +\long\def\pubMonth#1{\long\gdef\@pubMonth{#1}} + +\long\gdef\@pubVolume{Volume} +\long\def\pubVolume#1{\long\gdef\@pubVolume{#1}} + +\long\gdef\@pubIssue{Issue} +\long\def\pubIssue#1{\long\gdef\@pubIssue{#1}} + +% draft date (revision date in draft mode) +\def\draftDate{\if@draftmode\vspace{12pt}\begin{center}Draft: \@date\end{center}\par +\else\relax\fi} + +% abstract +\def\droparg#1{} +\long\def\abstract#1\end{\endgroup\xabstract{#1}\droparg} +\long\gdef\@abstract{Your abstract here, please.} +\long\def\xabstract#1{\long\gdef\@abstract{#1}} + +\def\@shortTitle{\@title} +\def\shortTitle#1{\gdef\@shortTitle{#1}} + +% frontmatter + +\newcommand\maketitle{ + {\renewcommand\thefootnote{\@fnsymbol\c@footnote}% + \def\@makefnmark{\rlap{\@textsuperscript{\normalfont\@thefnmark}}}% + \long\def\@makefntext##1{\parindent 1em\noindent + \hb@xt@2.0em{% + \hss\@textsuperscript{\normalfont\@thefnmark\rule{0.5em}{0pt}}}##1}% + \if@twocolumn + \ifnum \col@number=\@ne + \@maketitle + \else + \twocolumn[\@maketitle]% + \fi + \else + \newpage + \global\@topnum\z@ % Prevents figures from going at top of page. + \@maketitle + \fi + \@thanks + } + \setcounter{footnote}{0}% + \renewcommand\thefootnote{\@arabic\c@footnote}% +} + +% Frontmatter for AER (default) +\newlength\abstractIndent +\newlength\abstractWidth +\setlength{\abstractIndent}{36pt} +\setlength{\abstractWidth}{\textwidth} +\addtolength{\abstractWidth}{-2\abstractIndent} +\newcommand\@maketitle{% + \pagestyle{headings} + \thispagestyle{titlepage} + \begin{@twocolumnfalse} + \begin{center}% + \null\vskip\abovetitleskip + {\titlesize\sffamily\textbf{\@title} \par}% + \vskip 16pt% + {\authorsize\textit{By \ }\textsc{\@author}\par} + \draftDate + \vskip 24pt% + \end{center}% + \gdef\@JELKey{ + \ifx\@JEL\@blank\else \par JEL: \@JEL\par \fi + \ifx\@Keywords\@blank\else Keywords: \@Keywords\par \fi} +% these lines not indented to prevent unwanted space +\noindent{\abstractbodysize\itshape\hspace{\abstractIndent} +\parbox{\abstractWidth}{\noindent\@abstract\@JELKey\par}} + \vskip 24pt% + \end{@twocolumnfalse} + \par +} + +\if@PP + \renewcommand\@maketitle{% + \pagestyle{headings} + \thispagestyle{titlepage} + \begin{@twocolumnfalse} + \begin{center}% + \null\vskip\abovetitleskip + {\titlesize\sffamily\textbf{\@title} \par}% + \vskip 16pt% + {\authorsize\textit{By \ }\textsc{\@author}\par} + \draftDate + \vskip 24pt% + \end{center}% + \vskip 24pt% + \end{@twocolumnfalse} + \par + } +\fi + +\if@JEL + \setlength{\abstractIndent}{36pt} + \setlength{\abstractWidth}{\textwidth} + \addtolength{\abstractWidth}{-2\abstractIndent} + \renewcommand\@maketitle{% + \pagestyle{headings} + \thispagestyle{titlepage} + \begin{@twocolumnfalse} + \begin{center}% + \null\vskip\abovetitleskip + {\titlesize\sffamily\textbf{\@title} \par}% + \vskip 16pt% + {\authorsize\textsc{\@author}\par} + \draftDate + \vskip 24pt% + \end{center}% + \gdef\@JELKey{ + \ifx\@JEL\@blank\else \par JEL: \@JEL\par \fi + \ifx\@Keywords\@blank\else Keywords: \@Keywords\par \fi} +% these two lines not indented to prevent unwanted space +\noindent{\abstractbodysize\itshape\hspace{\abstractIndent} +\parbox{\abstractWidth}{\noindent\@abstract\@JELKey\par}} + \vskip 24pt% + \end{@twocolumnfalse} + \par + } +\fi + +\if@JEP + \renewcommand\@maketitle{% + \pagestyle{headings} + \thispagestyle{titlepage} + \begin{@twocolumnfalse} + \null\vskip\abovetitleskip + {\noindent\titlesize\sffamily\textbf{\@title} \par}% + \vskip 16pt% + {\noindent\authorsize \@author\par} + \draftDate + \vskip 24pt% + \end{@twocolumnfalse} + \par + } +\fi + + + +% ============================================================================== +% Sectioning +% ============================================================================== + +\newcounter{part} +\newcounter{section} +\newcounter{subsection}[section] +\newcounter{subsubsection}[subsection] +\newcounter{paragraph}[subsubsection] +\newcounter{subparagraph}[paragraph] + +% AER section numbering +\setcounter{secnumdepth}{2} +\renewcommand\thepart{\@Roman\c@part} +\renewcommand\thesection{\@Roman\c@section} +\renewcommand\thesubsection{\@Alph\c@subsection} +\renewcommand\thesubsubsection{\@arabic\c@subsubsection} +\renewcommand\theparagraph{\thesubsubsection} +\renewcommand\thesubparagraph{\thesubsubsection} +\renewcommand\p@subsection{\thesection.} +\renewcommand\p@subsubsection{\thesubsection.} +\renewcommand\p@paragraph{\thesubsubsection.} +\renewcommand\p@subparagraph{\theparagraph.} +\def\@seccntformat#1{\csname the#1\endcsname.\quad} + +\if@PP + \setcounter{secnumdepth}{2} + \renewcommand\thepart{\@Roman\c@part} + \renewcommand\thesection{\@Roman\c@section} + \renewcommand\thesubsection{\@Alph\c@subsection} + \renewcommand\thesubsubsection{\@arabic\c@subsubsection} + \renewcommand\theparagraph{\thesubsubsection} + \renewcommand\thesubparagraph{\thesubsubsection} + \def\@seccntformat#1{\csname the#1\endcsname.\quad} +\fi + +\if@JEL + \setcounter{secnumdepth}{2} + \renewcommand\thepart{\@Roman\c@part} + \renewcommand\thesection{\@arabic\c@section} + \renewcommand\thesubsection{\@arabic\c@subsection} + \renewcommand\thesubsubsection{\@arabic\c@subsubsection} + \renewcommand\theparagraph{\thesubsubsection} + \renewcommand\thesubparagraph{\thesubsubsection} + \def\@seccntformat#1{\csname the#1\endcsname.\quad} +\fi + +\if@JEP + \setcounter{secnumdepth}{-2} + \renewcommand\thepart{\@Roman\c@part} + \renewcommand\thesection{\@Roman\c@section} + \renewcommand\thesubsection{\@Alph\c@subsection} + \renewcommand\thesubsubsection{\@arabic\c@subsubsection} + \renewcommand\theparagraph{\thesubsubsection} + \renewcommand\thesubparagraph{\thesubsubsection} + \def\@seccntformat#1{\csname the#1\endcsname.\quad} +\fi + +\if@AEJ + \setcounter{secnumdepth}{2} + \renewcommand\thepart{\@Roman\c@part} + \renewcommand\thesection{\@Roman\c@section} + \renewcommand\thesubsection{\@Alph\c@subsection} + \renewcommand\thesubsubsection{\@arabic\c@subsubsection} + \renewcommand\theparagraph{\thesubsubsection} + \renewcommand\thesubparagraph{\thesubsubsection} + \def\@seccntformat#1{\csname the#1\endcsname.\quad} +\fi + + +% AER section skips +\def\abovesectionskip{11pt \@plus 2pt \@minus 2pt} +\def\belowsectionskip{11pt \@plus 2pt \@minus 2pt} +\def\abovesubsectionskip{\abovesectionskip} +\def\belowsubsectionskip{\belowsectionskip} +\def\abovesubsubsectionskip{\abovesectionskip} +\def\belowsubsubsectionskip{\belowsectionskip} +\def\subsubsectionindent{\z@} +\def\headingsuffix{} + +\if@PP + \def\abovesectionskip{11pt \@plus 2pt \@minus 2pt} + \def\belowsectionskip{11pt \@plus 2pt \@minus 2pt} + \def\subsubsectionindent{\z@} +\fi + +\if@JEL + \def\abovesectionskip{6pt \@plus 2pt \@minus 2pt} + \def\belowsectionskip{6pt \@plus 2pt \@minus 2pt} + \def\subsubsectionindent{\z@} +\fi + +\if@JEP + \def\abovesectionskip{26pt \@plus 4pt \@minus 4pt} + \def\belowsectionskip{13pt \@plus 2pt \@minus 2pt} + \def\abovesubsectionskip{13pt \@plus 2pt \@minus 2pt} + \def\belowsubsectionskip{0pt \@plus 1pt \@minus 1pt} + \def\abovesubsubsectionskip{13pt \@plus 2pt \@minus 2pt} + \def\belowsubsubsectionskip{-0.01pt \@plus -0.1pt \@minus -0.1pt} + \def\subsubsectionindent{\parindent} +\fi + +\if@AEJ + \def\abovesectionskip{13pt \@plus 2pt \@minus 2pt} + \def\belowsectionskip{13pt \@plus 2pt \@minus 2pt} + \def\belowsubsubsectionskip{-0.01pt \@plus -0.1pt \@minus -0.1pt} + \def\subsubsectionindent{\z@} +\fi + + +\newcommand\part{% + \if@noskipsec \leavevmode \fi + \par + \addvspace{4ex}% + \@afterindentfalse + \secdef\@part\@spart} + +\def\@part[#1]#2{% + \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne + \refstepcounter{part}% + \addcontentsline{toc}{part}{\thepart\hspace{1em}#1}% + \else + \addcontentsline{toc}{part}{#1}% + \fi + {\parindent \z@ \raggedright + \interlinepenalty \@M + \normalfont + \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne + \Large\bfseries \partname\nobreakspace\thepart + \par\nobreak + \fi + \huge \bfseries #2% + \markboth{}{}\par}% + \nobreak + \vskip 3ex + \@afterheading} +\def\@spart#1{% + {\parindent \z@ \raggedright + \interlinepenalty \@M + \normalfont + \huge \bfseries #1\par}% + \nobreak + \vskip 3ex + \@afterheading} + +\def\@sect#1#2#3#4#5#6[#7]#8{% + \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth + \let\@svsec\@empty + \else + \refstepcounter{#1}% + \protected@edef\@svsec{\@seccntformat{#1}\relax}% + \fi + \@tempskipa #5\relax + \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@ + \begingroup + #6{% + \@hangfrom{\hskip #3\relax\@svsec}% + \interlinepenalty \@M #8\@@par}% + \endgroup + \csname #1mark\endcsname{#7}% + \addcontentsline{toc}{#1}{% + \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else + \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}% + \fi + #7}% + \else + \def\@svsechd{% + #6{\hskip #3\relax + \@svsec #8\headingsuffix}% + \csname #1mark\endcsname{#7}% + \addcontentsline{toc}{#1}{% + \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else + \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}% + \fi + #7}}% + \fi + \@xsect{#5}% +} + + +\newcommand\section{% +\@startsection{section}{1}{\z@}% +{\abovesectionskip}% +{\belowsectionskip}% +{\bfseries\sectionsize\center}} + +\newcommand\subsection{% +\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}% +{\abovesubsectionskip}% +{\belowsubsectionskip}% +{\itshape\sectionsize\center}} + +\newcommand\subsubsection{% +\def\headingsuffix{. ---\ } +\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\subsubsectionindent}% +{\abovesubsubsectionskip}% +{\belowsubsubsectionskip}% +{\scshape\sectionsize\center}} + + +% paragraph and subparagraph are not used - they are included for compatibility with hyperref. +%\newcommand\paragraph{% +%\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% +%{\abovesectionskip}% +%{\belowsectionskip}% +%{\sectionsize\itshape\center}} + +%\newcommand\subparagraph{% +%\@startsection{subparagraph}{4}{\z@}% +%{\abovesectionskip}% +%{\belowsectionskip}% +%{\sectionsize\upshape\center}} + +\newcommand\paragraph{\subsubsection} +\newcommand\subparagraph{\subsubsection} + +\def\appendixsectionstyle{\scshape\sectionsize\center} +\def\appendixsubsectionstyle{\itshape\sectionsize\center} +\def\captionstyle{\scshape} + +\if@JEL +\renewcommand\section{% +\@startsection{section}{1}{\z@}% +{\abovesectionskip}% +{\belowsectionskip}% +{\itshape\sectionsize\center}} +\renewcommand\subsection{% +\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}% +{\abovesectionskip}% +{\belowsectionskip}% +{\itshape}} +\def\captionstyle{\scshape} +\fi + +\if@JEP +\renewcommand\section{% +\@startsection{section}{1}{\z@}% +{\abovesectionskip}% +{\belowsectionskip}% +{\bfseries\sectionsize}} +\renewcommand\subsection{% +\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}% +{\abovesectionskip}% +{\belowsectionskip}% +{\bfseries\subsectionsize}} +\def\captionstyle{\bfseries\subsectionsize} +\fi + +% ============================================================================== +% Package Compatibility +% ============================================================================== + +\newcommand\tableofcontents{} +% for compatibility with packages that overload this command + +% ============================================================================== +% Environments +% ============================================================================== + +\newenvironment{verse} + {\let\\\@centercr + \list{}{\itemsep \z@ + \itemindent -1.5em% + \listparindent\itemindent + \rightmargin \leftmargin + \advance\leftmargin 1.5em}% + \item\relax} + {\endlist} + +\newenvironment{quotation} + {\list{}{\listparindent 1.5em% + \itemindent \listparindent + \rightmargin \leftmargin + \parsep \z@ \@plus\p@}% + \item\relax} + {\endlist} + +\newenvironment{quote} + {\list{}{\rightmargin\leftmargin}% + \item\relax} + {\endlist} + + + +% ============================================================================== +% Lists +% ============================================================================== + +\setlength\partopsep{2\p@ \@plus1\p@ \@minus 1\p@} +\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini + \parsep 4\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus\p@ + \topsep 8\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus4\p@ + \itemsep4\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus\p@} +\let\@listI\@listi +\@listi +\def\@listii {\leftmargin\leftmarginii + \labelwidth\leftmarginii + \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep + \topsep 4\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus\p@ + \parsep 2\p@ \@plus\p@ \@minus\p@ + \itemsep \parsep} +\def\@listiii{\leftmargin\leftmarginiii + \labelwidth\leftmarginiii + \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep + \topsep 2\p@ \@plus\p@\@minus\p@ + \parsep \z@ + \partopsep \p@ \@plus\z@ \@minus\p@ + \itemsep \topsep} +\def\@listiv {\leftmargin\leftmarginiv + \labelwidth\leftmarginiv + \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep} +\def\@listv {\leftmargin\leftmarginv + \labelwidth\leftmarginv + \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep} +\def\@listvi {\leftmargin\leftmarginvi + \labelwidth\leftmarginvi + \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep} + +\if@twocolumn + \setlength\leftmargini {2em} +\else + \setlength\leftmargini {2.5em} +\fi +\leftmargin \leftmargini +\setlength\leftmarginii {2.2em} +\setlength\leftmarginiii {1.87em} +\setlength\leftmarginiv {1.7em} +\if@twocolumn + \setlength\leftmarginv {.5em} + \setlength\leftmarginvi {.5em} +\else + \setlength\leftmarginv {1em} + \setlength\leftmarginvi {1em} +\fi +\setlength \labelsep {.5em} +\setlength \labelwidth{\leftmargini} +\addtolength\labelwidth{-\labelsep} +\@beginparpenalty -\@lowpenalty +\@endparpenalty -\@lowpenalty +\@itempenalty -\@lowpenalty +\renewcommand\theenumi{\@arabic\c@enumi} +\renewcommand\theenumii{\@alph\c@enumii} +\renewcommand\theenumiii{\@roman\c@enumiii} +\renewcommand\theenumiv{\@Alph\c@enumiv} +\newcommand\labelenumi{\theenumi)} +\newcommand\labelenumii{\theenumii)} +\newcommand\labelenumiii{\theenumiii)} +\newcommand\labelenumiv{\theenumiv)} +\renewcommand\p@enumii{\theenumi} +\renewcommand\p@enumiii{\theenumi(\theenumii)} +\renewcommand\p@enumiv{\p@enumiii\theenumiii} +\newcommand\labelitemi{\textbullet} +\newcommand\labelitemii{\normalfont\bfseries \textendash} +\newcommand\labelitemiii{\textasteriskcentered} +\newcommand\labelitemiv{\textperiodcentered} +\newenvironment{description} + {\list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin + \let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} + {\endlist} +\newcommand*\descriptionlabel[1]{\hspace\labelsep + \normalfont\bfseries #1} + + +% ============================================================================== +% Equations +% ============================================================================== + +\def\@eqnnum{\typeout{Equation: \theequation}\hb@xt@.01\p@{}% + \rlap{\normalfont\normalcolor + \hskip -\displaywidth(\theequation)}} + +% ============================================================================== +% Minipage and Floats +% ============================================================================== + + +\setlength\floatsep{15\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 3\p@} +\setlength\textfloatsep{15\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 3\p@} +\setlength\intextsep{15\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 3\p@} +\setlength\dblfloatsep{15\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 3\p@} +\setlength\dbltextfloatsep{15\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 3\p@} +\setlength\@fptop{0\p@ \@plus 1fil} +\setlength\@fpsep{8\p@ \@plus 2fil} +\setlength\@fpbot{0\p@ \@plus 1fil} +\setlength\@dblfptop{0\p@ \@plus 1fil} +\setlength\@dblfpsep{8\p@ \@plus 2fil} +\setlength\@dblfpbot{0\p@ \@plus 1fil} +\setcounter{topnumber}{2} +\renewcommand\topfraction{.7} +\setcounter{bottomnumber}{1} +\renewcommand\bottomfraction{.3} +\setcounter{totalnumber}{3} +\renewcommand\textfraction{.2} +\renewcommand\floatpagefraction{.5} +\setcounter{dbltopnumber}{2} +\renewcommand\dbltopfraction{.7} +\renewcommand\dblfloatpagefraction{.5} + +\newcommand\figurename{Figure} +\newcommand\tablename{Table} +\setlength\arraycolsep{5\p@} +\setlength\tabcolsep{6\p@} +\setlength\arrayrulewidth{.4\p@} +\setlength\doublerulesep{2\p@} +\setlength\tabbingsep{\labelsep} +\skip\@mpfootins = \skip\footins +\setlength\fboxsep{3\p@} +\setlength\fboxrule{.4\p@} +\renewcommand \theequation {\@arabic\c@equation} +\newcounter{figure} +\renewcommand \thefigure {\@arabic\c@figure} +\def\fps@figure{tbp} +\def\ftype@figure{1} +\def\ext@figure{lof} +\def\fnum@figure{\figurename\nobreakspace\thefigure.\nobreakspace} +\newenvironment{figure}[1][h] + {\@float{figure}[#1]\begin{center}} + {\end{center}\end@float} +\newenvironment{figure*}[1][h] + {\@dblfloat{figure}[#1]\begin{center}} + {\end{center}\end@dblfloat} +\if@PP % mlr 2010.04.27 P&P authors making figures/tables too small so force to full column + \renewenvironment{figure}[1][tp] + {\@dblfloat{figure}[#1]\begin{center}} + {\end{center}\end@dblfloat} +\fi +\newcounter{table} +\renewcommand\thetable{\@arabic\c@table} +\def\fps@table{tbp} +\def\ftype@table{2} +\def\ext@table{lot} +\def\fnum@table{\tablename\nobreakspace\thetable---} +\newenvironment{table}[1][h] + {\@float{table}[#1]\begin{center}} + {\end{center}\end@float} +\newenvironment{table*}[1][h] + {\@dblfloat{table}[#1]\begin{center}} + {\end{center}\end@dblfloat} +\if@PP % mlr 2010.04.27 P&P authors making figures/tables too small so force to full column + \renewenvironment{table}[1][tp] + {\@dblfloat{table}[#1]\begin{center}} + {\end{center}\end@dblfloat} +\fi +\newlength\abovecaptionskip +\newlength\belowcaptionskip +\setlength\abovecaptionskip{7\p@} +\setlength\belowcaptionskip{7\p@} +\long\def\@makecaption#1#2{% + \vskip\abovecaptionskip + \sbox\@tempboxa{\captionstyle\captionsize #1#2}% + \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize + {\captionstyle\captionsize #1#2}\par + \else + \global \@minipagefalse + \hb@xt@\hsize{\hfil\box\@tempboxa\hfil}% + \fi + \vskip\belowcaptionskip} + +\newenvironment{widefigure}{\begin{figure*}}{\end{figure*}} +\newenvironment{widetable}{\begin{table*}}{\end{table*}} + +\newenvironment{tablenotes}[1][Note]{\begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\notesize{\itshape#1: }}{\end{minipage}} +\newenvironment{figurenotes}[1][Note]{\begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\notesize{\itshape#1: }}{\end{minipage}} + +% ============================================================================== +% Footnotes +% ============================================================================== + +%\def\thanks#1{\footnote{#1}} +%\setlength\footnotesep{1\p@ \@plus\p@} % ??? Missing Begin Document Error. Why? +\setlength{\skip\footins}{15\p@ \@plus 2\p@ \@minus 2\p@} + +\renewcommand\footnoterule{% + \kern-3\p@ + \hrule\@width\z@ + \kern2.6\p@} +\newcommand\@makefntext[1]{% + \parindent 1em% + \noindent + \hb@xt@2.0em{\hss\@makefnmark}#1\hskip 1em} + + + +% ============================================================================== +% Backmatter +% ============================================================================== + +% Appendix +\def\@startappsection#1#2#3#4#5#6{% + \if@noskipsec \leavevmode \fi + \par + \@tempskipa #4\relax + \@afterindenttrue + \ifdim \@tempskipa <\z@ + \@tempskipa -\@tempskipa \@afterindentfalse + \fi + \if@nobreak + \everypar{}% + \else + \addpenalty\@secpenalty\addvspace\@tempskipa + \fi + \@dblarg{\@appsect{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}{#5}{#6}}} +\def\@appsect#1#2#3#4#5#6[#7]#8{% + \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth + \let\@svsec\@empty + \else + \refstepcounter{#1}% + \protected@edef\@svsec{\@seccntformat{#1}\relax}% + \fi + \@tempskipa #5\relax + \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@ + \begingroup + #6{% + \@hangfrom{\hskip #3\relax}% + \interlinepenalty \@M #8\@@par}% + \endgroup + \csname #1mark\endcsname{#7}% + \addcontentsline{toc}{#1}{% + \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else + \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}% + \fi + #7}% + \else + \def\@svsechd{% + #6{\hskip #3\relax + \@svsec #8}% + \csname #1mark\endcsname{#7}% + \addcontentsline{toc}{#1}{% + \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else + \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}% + \fi + #7}}% + \fi + \@xsect{#5}} + +\newcommand\appendixname{APPENDIX} + +\def\appendix{\if@twocolumn\@restonecoltrue\onecolumn\fi +\setcounter{secnumdepth}{2} +\setcounter{section}{0} +\setcounter{figure}{0} +\numberwithin{figure}{section} +\setcounter{table}{0} +\numberwithin{table}{section} +\setcounter{equation}{0} +\numberwithin{equation}{section} +\renewcommand\thesection{\@Alph\c@section} +\renewcommand\thesubsection{\thesection\@arabic\c@subsection} +\renewcommand\theequation {\thesection\@arabic\c@equation} +\renewcommand\thefigure{\thesection\@arabic\c@figure} +\renewcommand\thetable{\thesection\@arabic\c@table} +\renewcommand\section{% +\@startappsection{section}{1}{\z@}% +{\abovesectionskip}% +{\belowsectionskip}% +{\appendixsectionstyle}} +\renewcommand\subsection{% +\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}% +{\abovesectionskip}% +{\belowsectionskip}% +{\appendixsubsectionstyle}} +} + + +% references +\newcommand\refname{REFERENCES} +\newdimen\bibindent +\setlength\bibindent{1.5em} +\newenvironment{thebibliography}[1] + {\if@JEP\subsection*{\MakeUppercase{\refname}}\else\section*{\MakeUppercase{\refname}}\fi% + \@mkboth{\MakeUppercase\refname}{\MakeUppercase\refname}% + \list{}% + {\settowidth\labelwidth{}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \itemsep 1pt + \parsep 1pt + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \@openbib@code + \usecounter{enumiv}% + \let\p@enumiv\@empty + \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}% + \sloppy + \clubpenalty4000 + \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty + \widowpenalty8000% + \sfcode`\.\@m} + {\def\@noitemerr + {\@latex@warning{Empty `thebibliography' environment}}% + \endlist} +\newcommand\newblock{\hskip .11em\@plus0.33em\@minus.07em} +\let\@openbib@code\@empty + +% ============================================================================== +% Theorem-Likes +% ============================================================================== + +\def\@begintheorem#1#2{\trivlist + \item[\hskip \labelsep{\MakeUppercase{#1}\ #2: }]\itshape} +\def\@opargbegintheorem#1#2#3{\trivlist + \item[\hskip \labelsep{\MakeUppercase{#1}\ #2\ (#3): }]\itshape} + +\newenvironment{proof}[1][PROOF]{\noindent\MakeUppercase{#1:}\par }{\par\par} + +% ============================================================================== +% SW Adjustments +% ============================================================================== + +\AtBeginDocument{ + \def\QTR#1{\csname #1\endcsname} +} + + +% ============================================================================== +% Miscellaneous +% ============================================================================== + +\setlength\overfullrule{0pt} +\setlength\overfullrule{5pt} + +\def\today{\ifcase\month\or + January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or June\or + July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or December\fi + \space\number\day, \number\year} + +% ============================================================================== +% ============================================================================== +\endinput +% End of file AEA.cls diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/Blacklynchmap.pdf b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/Blacklynchmap.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..46e12bbc17021bc6d802741575cb84315320b9fa --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/Blacklynchmap.pdf @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:2b3f3f87235a167cf9de819dc875bf01a916ecb8295dba2c64462eec5716bd94 +size 617545 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/Blacklynchpopmap.pdf b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/Blacklynchpopmap.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..593f18e4a8e53434735a861a01e6a23e76a2d769 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/Blacklynchpopmap.pdf @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:5d56ec16f7ea22bed03afedfcbe48ab06d646ee5e436cdcd3fc9f4685a6672bd +size 618668 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/Iners14.tex b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/Iners14.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ec5676f58cf300fe840772bae7509480c31fa340 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/Iners14.tex @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ +\def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} +\begin{tabular}{l*{6}{c}} +\hline\hline + &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(1)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(2)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(3)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(4)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(5)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(6)}\\ +\makecell[l]{Out-Migrants vs.\\Stayers}& Log(wage)& Age& Female& Ninth-grade& Full-time& Rent\\ +\hline +\makecell[l]{Black lynching rate*\\Outmigrant Status}& -0.004& 0.002& -0.004& 0.000& 0.002& -0.997\\ + & (0.006)& (0.030)& (0.002)& (0.002)& (0.001)& (0.815)\\ +Outmigrant & 0.500& -0.447& 0.075& 0.107& -0.034& 26.361\\ + & (0.018)& (0.235)& (0.009)& (0.012)& (0.010)& (2.955)\\ +Black lynching rate & 0.004& 0.009& 0.000& -0.001& 0.001& -0.343\\ + & (0.002)& (0.010)& (0.000)& (0.001)& (0.000)& (0.197)\\ +Historical Controls & Yes& Yes& Yes& Yes& Yes& Yes\\ +State Fixed Effects & Yes& Yes& Yes& Yes& Yes& Yes\\ +\hline +\# of observations & 89,868& 218,832& 218,832& 185,722& 218,832& 168,215\\ +R-Squared & 0.071& 0.006& 0.003& 0.037& 0.005& 0.005\\ +\hline\hline +\end{tabular} +} diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/LAMapZoom.jpg b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/LAMapZoom.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6a8477befcdc9b30c6df4195a80f22f4f61ef585 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/LAMapZoom.jpg @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:d36832371997cf2eae3be53e5e104201459c7a0cb7f4ac1167295f895749c984 +size 68453 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/LAMapZoom.pdf b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/LAMapZoom.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..58b8deddaba1bb5d087886610c5d9ccd9b78a36c --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/LAMapZoom.pdf @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:0c1ed2dd88857febb109f20b97dd79064de2e9cd6557f067105597b2af58c90a +size 71916 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/References.lynch.bib b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/References.lynch.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6424afc941876c23103c7eac7c6e9cbdc6c77d6d --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/References.lynch.bib @@ -0,0 +1,691 @@ +@article{acemoglu2012colonial, + title={The colonial origins of comparative development: An empirical investigation: Reply}, + author={Acemoglu, Daron and Johnson, Simon and Robinson, James A}, + journal={American Economic Review}, + volume={102}, + number={6}, + pages={3077--3110}, + year={2012} +} +@article{acharya2015culture, + title={A culture of disenfranchisement: How American slavery continues to affect voting behavior}, + author={Acharya, Avidit and Blackwell, Matthew and Sen, Maya}, + journal={The Journal of Politics, forthcoming}, + year={2015} +} +@article{acharya2016political, + title={The political legacy of American slavery}, + author={Acharya, Avidit and Blackwell, Matthew and Sen, Maya}, + journal={The Journal of Politics}, + volume={78}, + number={3}, + pages={621--641}, + year={2016}, + publisher={University of Chicago Press Chicago, IL} +} +@techreport{akee2018, + title={Family Income and the Intergenerational Transmission of Voting Behavior: Evidence from an Income Intervention}, + author={Akee, Randall and Copeland, William and Costello, E. Jane and Holbein, John B. and Simeonova, Emilia}, + year={2018}, + institution={National Bureau of Economic Research} +} +@article{alesina2002trusts, + title={Who trusts others?}, + author={Alesina, Alberto and La Ferrara, Eliana}, + journal={Journal of public economics}, + volume={85}, + number={2}, + pages={207--234}, + year={2002}, + publisher={Elsevier} +} +@article{alesina2013origins, + title={On the origins of gender roles: Women and the plough}, + author={Alesina, Alberto and Giuliano, Paola and Nunn, Nathan}, + journal={The Quarterly Journal of Economics}, + volume={128}, + number={2}, + pages={469--530}, + year={2013}, + publisher={Oxford University Press} +} +@book{allen2000without, + title={Without sanctuary: Lynching photography in America}, + author={Allen, James and Als, Hilton and Lewis, John and Litwack, Leon F}, + year={2000}, + publisher={Twin Palms Santa Fe, NM} +} +@article{alsan2018tuskegee, + title={Tuskegee and the health of black men}, + author={Alsan, Marcella and Wanamaker, Marianne}, + journal={The quarterly journal of economics}, + volume={133}, + number={1}, + pages={407--455}, + year={2018}, + publisher={Oxford University Press} +} +@article{altonji2005selection, + title={Selection on observed and unobserved variables: Assessing the effectiveness of Catholic schools}, + author={Altonji, Joseph G and Elder, Todd E and Taber, Christopher R}, + journal={Journal of political economy}, + volume={113}, + number={1}, + pages={151--184}, + year={2005}, + publisher={The University of Chicago Press} +} +@article{ashworth2007targeted, + title={Targeted Campaigns with Ambiguity-Averse Voters}, + author={Ashworth, Scott}, + journal={Unpublished manuscript, Princeton University}, + year={2007} +} +@article{atkinson2014social, + title={Social capital and voter turnout: Evidence from saint's day fiestas in Mexico}, + author={Atkinson, Matthew D and Fowler, Anthony}, + journal={British Journal of political science}, + volume={44}, + number={1}, + pages={41--59}, + year={2014}, + publisher={Cambridge University Press} +} +@article{beck1992season, + title={A season for violence: The lynching of blacks and labor demand in the agricultural production cycle in the American South}, + author={Beck, EM and Tolnay, Stewart E}, + journal={International Review of Social History}, + volume={37}, + number={1}, + pages={1--24}, + year={1992}, + publisher={Cambridge University Press} +} +@article{bertocchi2017jure, + title={De jure and de facto determinants of power: evidence from Mississippi}, + author={Bertocchi, Graziella and Dimico, Arcangelo}, + journal={Constitutional Political Economy}, + volume={28}, + number={4}, + pages={321--345}, + year={2017}, + publisher={Springer} +} +@article{besley2002political, + title={The political economy of government responsiveness: Theory and evidence from India}, + author={Besley, Timothy and Burgess, Robin}, + journal={The quarterly journal of economics}, + volume={117}, + number={4}, + pages={1415--1451}, + year={2002}, + publisher={MIT Press} +} +@article{besley2006handcuffs, + title={Handcuffs for the grabbing hand? Media capture and government accountability}, + author={Besley, Timothy and Prat, Andrea}, + journal={American economic review}, + volume={96}, + number={3}, + pages={720--736}, + year={2006} +} +@article{blalock1967toward, + title={Toward a theory of minority-group relations}, + author={Blalock, Hubert M}, + year={1967}, + publisher={Wiley} +} +@article{blanco2013impact, + title={The impact of crime on trust in institutions in Mexico}, + author={Blanco, Luisa R}, + journal={European Journal of Political Economy}, + volume={32}, + pages={38--55}, + year={2013}, + publisher={Elsevier} +} +@article{bullock1981policy, + title={Policy responsiveness to the black electorate: Programmatic versus symbolic representation}, + author={Bullock III, Charles S and MacManus, Susan A}, + journal={American Politics Quarterly}, + volume={9}, + number={3}, + pages={357--368}, + year={1981}, + publisher={Sage Publications Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA} +} +@book{byrne2005unfinished, + title={The Unfinished agenda of the Selma-Montgomery voting rights march}, + author={Byrne, Dara N and others}, + year={2005}, + publisher={Diverse: Issues In Higher Education} +} +@article{cascio2014valuing, + title={Valuing the vote: The redistribution of voting rights and state funds following the voting rights act of 1965}, + author={Cascio, Elizabeth U and Washington, Ebonya}, + journal={The Quarterly Journal of Economics}, + volume={129}, + number={1}, + pages={379--433}, + year={2014}, + publisher={MIT Press} +} +@article{charles2013employment, + title={Employment, wages, and voter turnout}, + author={Charles, Kerwin Kofi and Stephens Jr, Melvin}, + journal={American Economic Journal: Applied Economics}, + volume={5}, + number={4}, + pages={111--43}, + year={2013} +} +@article{christopher1965constitutionality, + title={The Constitutionality of the Voting Rights Act of 1965}, + author={Christopher, Warren M}, + journal={Stan. L. Rev.}, + volume={18}, + pages={1}, + year={1965}, + publisher={HeinOnline} +} +@article{collins2014selection, + title={Selection and economic gains in the great migration of African Americans: new evidence from linked census data}, + author={Collins, William J and Wanamaker, Marianne H}, + journal={American Economic Journal: Applied Economics}, + volume={6}, + number={1}, + pages={220--52}, + year={2014} +} +@article{cook_logan_parman, +title={Racial Segregation and southern lynching}, +author={Cook, Lisa D. and Logan, Trevon D. and Parman, John M.}, +journal={Social Science History}, +publisher={Cambridge University Press}, +DOI={10.1017/ssh.2018.21}, +pages={1–-41}, +year={2018} +} +@article{cook2014violence, + title={Violence and economic activity: evidence from African American patents, 1870--1940}, + author={Cook, Lisa D}, + journal={Journal of Economic Growth}, + volume={19}, + number={2}, + pages={221--257}, + year={2014}, + publisher={Springer} +} +@article{defina2011legacy, + title={The legacy of black lynching and contemporary segregation in the south}, + author={DeFina, Robert and Hannon, Lance}, + journal={The Review of Black Political Economy}, + volume={38}, + number={2}, + pages={165--181}, + year={2011}, + publisher={Springer} +} +@article{dellavigna2016voting, + title={Voting to tell others}, + author={DellaVigna, Stefano and List, John A and Malmendier, Ulrike and Rao, Gautam}, + journal={The Review of Economic Studies}, + volume={84}, + number={1}, + pages={143--181}, + year={2016}, + publisher={Review of Economic Studies Ltd} +} +@book{dickerson2003reconstruction, + title={The Reconstruction era: primary documents on events from 1865 to 1877}, + author={Dickerson, Donna Lee}, + year={2003}, + publisher={Greenwood Publishing Group} +} +@article{downs1957economic, + title={An economic theory of political action in a democracy}, + author={Downs, Anthony}, + journal={Journal of political economy}, + volume={65}, + number={2}, + pages={135--150}, + year={1957}, + publisher={The University of Chicago Press} +} +@article{dubois1935black, + title={Black Reconstruction in America 1860-1880: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America}, + author={DuBois, William Edward Burghardt}, + journal={New York: Russell and Russell}, + year={1935} +} +@book{espy1987executions, + title={Executions in the United States, 1608-1987: The Espy File}, + author={Espy, M Watt and Smykla, John Ortiz}, + number={8451}, + year={1987}, + publisher={Inter-Univ Consortium for} +} +@article{foner1988reconstruction, + title={Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution}, + author={Foner, Eric}, + journal={New York}, + year={1988} +} +@article{fujiwara2016habit, + title={Habit formation in voting: Evidence from rainy elections}, + author={Fujiwara, Thomas and Meng, Kyle and Vogl, Tom}, + journal={American Economic Journal: Applied Economics}, + volume={8}, + number={4}, + pages={160--88}, + year={2016} +} +@book{garrow1978protest, + title={Protest at Selma: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Voting Rights Act of 1965}, + author={Garrow, David J}, + year={1978}, + publisher={Yale University Press} +} +@incollection{gentzkow2006rise, + title={The rise of the fourth estate. How newspapers became informative and why it mattered}, + author={Gentzkow, Matthew and Glaeser, Edward L and Goldin, Claudia}, + booktitle={Corruption and reform: Lessons from America's economic history}, + pages={187--230}, + year={2006}, + publisher={University of Chicago Press} +} +@article{gerber2003voting, + title={Voting may be habit-forming: evidence from a randomized field experiment}, + author={Gerber, Alan S and Green, Donald P and Shachar, Ron}, + journal={American Journal of Political Science}, + volume={47}, + number={3}, + pages={540--550}, + year={2003}, + publisher={Wiley Online Library} +} +@article{grosjean2014history, + title={A history of violence: The culture of honor and homicide in the US South}, + author={Grosjean, Pauline}, + journal={Journal of the European Economic Association}, + volume={12}, + number={5}, + pages={1285--1316}, + year={2014}, + publisher={Oxford University Press} +} +@article{hagen2013influence, + title={The influence of political dynamics on southern lynch mob formation and lethality}, + author={Hagen, Ryan and Makovi, Kinga and Bearman, Peter}, + journal={Social forces}, + volume={92}, + number={2}, + pages={757--787}, + year={2013}, + publisher={Oxford University Press} +} +@article{hirsch2002every, + title={Every door closed: Barriers facing parents with criminal records.}, + author={Hirsch, Amy E and Dietrich, Sharon M and Landau, Rue and Schneider, Peter D and Ackelsberg, Irv and Bernstein-Baker, Judith and Hohenstein, Joseph}, + year={2002}, + publisher={ERIC} +} +@book{hume2008blacks, + title={Blacks, carpetbaggers, and scalawags: The constitutional conventions of radical reconstruction}, + author={Hume, Richard L and Gough, Jerry B}, + year={2008}, + publisher={LSU Press} +} +@article{jones2017political, + title={Political participation in a violent society: The impact of lynching on voter turnout in the post-Reconstruction South}, + author={Jones, Daniel B and Troesken, Werner and Walsh, Randall}, + journal={Journal of Development Economics}, + volume={129}, + pages={29--46}, + year={2017}, + publisher={Elsevier} +} +@article{kent2003making, + title={Making Race, Making Power: North Carolina's Road to Disenfranchisement}, + author={Kent, Redding}, + year={2003} +} +@book{lebergott1964manpower, + title={Manpower in economic growth: The American record since 1800}, + author={Lebergott, Stanley}, + year={1964}, + publisher={McGraw-Hill New York} +} +@book{lester1905ku, + title={Ku Klux Klan: its origin, growth and disbandment}, + author={Lester, John C and Wilson, Daniel Love}, + year={1905}, + publisher={Neale Publishing Company} +} +@article{lowes2018legacy, + title={The legacy of colonial medicine in Central Africa}, + author={Lowes, Sara Rachel and Montero, Eduardo}, + year={2018}, + publisher={CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP12772} +} +@article{matsusaka1995explaining, + title={Explaining voter turnout patterns: An information theory}, + author={Matsusaka, John G}, + journal={Public choice}, + volume={84}, + number={1-2}, + pages={91--117}, + year={1995}, + publisher={Springer} +} +@article{miller2015elections, + title={Elections, information, and policy responsiveness in autocratic regimes}, + author={Miller, Michael K}, + journal={Comparative Political Studies}, + volume={48}, + number={6}, + pages={691--727}, + year={2015}, + publisher={Sage Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA} +} +@article{mocan2016economic, + title={Economic well-being and anti-Semitic, xenophobic, and racist attitudes in Germany}, + author={Mocan, Naci and Raschke, Christian}, + journal={European Journal of Law and Economics}, + volume={41}, + number={1}, + pages={1--63}, + year={2016}, + publisher={Springer} +} +@article{nunn2008slavery, + title={Slavery, inequality, and economic development in the americas}, + author={Nunn, Nathan}, + journal={Institutions and economic performance}, + pages={148--80}, + year={2008}, + publisher={Harvard University Press Cambridge, MA} +} +@article{nunnimportance, + title={The importance of history for economic development}, + author={Nunn, Nathan}, + journal={Annu. Rev. Econ.}, + volume={1}, + number={1}, + pages={65--92}, + year={2009}, + publisher={Annual Reviews} +} +@article{nunn2011slave, + title={The slave trade and the origins of mistrust in Africa}, + author={Nunn, Nathan and Wantchekon, Leonard}, + journal={American Economic Review}, + volume={101}, + number={7}, + pages={3221--52}, + year={2011} +} +@article{oster2017unobservable, + title={Unobservable selection and coefficient stability: Theory and evidence}, + author={Oster, Emily}, + journal={Journal of Business \& Economic Statistics}, + pages={1--18}, + year={2017}, + publisher={Taylor \& Francis} +} +@article{pettit2004mass, + title={Mass imprisonment and the life course: Race and class inequality in US incarceration}, + author={Pettit, Becky and Western, Bruce}, + journal={American sociological review}, + volume={69}, + number={2}, + pages={151--169}, + year={2004}, + publisher={Sage Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA} +} +@article{price2008does, + title={Does the stigma of slavery explain the maltreatment of blacks by whites?: The case of lynchings}, + author={Price, Gregory N and Darity Jr, William A and Headen Jr, Alvin E}, + journal={The Journal of Socio-Economics}, + volume={37}, + number={1}, + pages={167--193}, + year={2008}, + publisher={Elsevier} +} +@book{stowe2009uncle, + title={Uncle Tom's cabin}, + author={Stowe, Harriet Beecher}, + year={2009}, + publisher={Broadview Press} +} +@article{tate1991black, + title={Black political participation in the 1984 and 1988 presidential elections}, + author={Tate, Katherine}, + journal={American Political Science Review}, + volume={85}, + number={4}, + pages={1159--1176}, + year={1991}, + publisher={Cambridge University Press} +} +@book{tolnay1995festival, + title={A festival of violence: An analysis of southern lynchings, 1882-1930}, + author={Tolnay, Stewart Emory and Beck, Elwood M}, + year={1995}, + publisher={University of Illinois Press} +} +@article{tolnay1996vicarious, + title={Vicarious violence: Spatial effects on southern lynchings, 1890-1919}, + author={Tolnay, Stewart E and Deane, Glenn and Beck, Ellwood M}, + journal={American Journal of Sociology}, + volume={102}, + number={3}, + pages={788--815}, + year={1996}, + publisher={University of Chicago Press} +} +@book{tullock1967toward, + title={Toward a mathematics of politics}, + author={Tullock, Gordon}, + year={1967}, + publisher={University of Michigan Press} +} +@article{uggen2002democratic, + title={Democratic contraction? Political consequences of felon disenfranchisement in the United States}, + author={Uggen, Christopher and Manza, Jeff}, + journal={American Sociological Review}, + pages={777--803}, + year={2002}, + publisher={JSTOR} +} +@article{voigtlander2012persecution, + title={Persecution perpetuated: the medieval origins of anti-Semitic violence in Nazi Germany}, + author={Voigtl{\"a}nder, Nico and Voth, Hans-Joachim}, + journal={The Quarterly Journal of Economics}, + volume={127}, + number={3}, + pages={1339--1392}, + year={2012}, + publisher={MIT Press} +} +@article{williams1993south, + title={The South Carolina Ku Klux Klan Trials and Enforcement of Federal Rights, 1871-1872}, + author={Williams, Lou Falkner}, + journal={Civil War History}, + volume={39}, + number={1}, + pages={47--66}, + year={1993}, + publisher={The Kent State University Press} +} +@book{wolfinger1980votes, + title={Who votes?}, + author={Wolfinger, Raymond E and Rosenstone, Steven J}, + volume={22}, + year={1980}, + publisher={Yale University Press} +} +@article{law1965act, + title={an act}, + author={Law, Public}, + journal={Public Law}, + volume={89}, + number={249}, + pages={246}, + year={1965} +} +@misc{qwiearn, + title={Earnings Quarterly Workforce Indicators}, + author={{United States Census Bureau}}, + note = {https://qwiexplorer.ces.census.gov (accessed March 2016)}, + year={2000-2012} +} +@misc{davidatlas, + title={David Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections}, + author={David Leip}, + note = {https://uselectionatlas.org/ (accessed March 2016)}, + year={1996-2008} +} +@misc{seerpop, + title={Populations - Total U.S. (1969-2018)}, + author={{Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program}}, + note = {https://seer.cancer.gov/popdata/ (accessed March 2016)}, + year={2000-2012} +} +@misc{religioncensus, + title={Religious Census: Religious Congregations \& Membership Study}, + author={Grammich, Clifford and Hadaway, Kirk and Houseal, Richard and Jones, Dale E and Krindatch, Alexei and Stanley, Richie and Taylor, Richard H}, + year={2010}, + note = {http://www.usreligioncensus.org/ (accessed March 2016)}, + publisher={Nashville, TN: Glenmary Research Center} +} +@misc{incarceration, + title={Incarceration Trends}, + author={{Vera Institute of Justice}}, + note = {http://trends.vera.org/incarceration-rates?data=localJail (accessed March 2016)}, + year={2010} +} +@misc{sosal, + title={General Election}, + author={{Alabama Secretary of State}}, + note = {https://www.sos.alabama.gov/ (accessed March 2016)}, + year={2000-2012} +} +@misc{sosfl, + title={General Election}, + author={{Florida Secretary of State}}, + note = {https://dos.myflorida.com/ (accessed March 2016)}, + year={2000-2012} +} +@misc{sosga, + title={General Election}, + author={{Georgia Secretary of State}}, + note = {https://sos.ga.gov/ (accessed March 2016)}, + year={2000-2012} +} +@misc{sosla, + title={General Election}, + author={{Louisiana Secretary of State}}, + note = {https://www.sos.la.gov/Pages/default.aspx (accessed March 2016)}, + year={2000-2012} +} +@misc{sosnc, + title={General Election}, + author={{North Carolina Secretary of State}}, + note = {https://www.sosnc.gov/ (accessed March 2016)}, + year={2004-2012} +} +@misc{sossc, + title={General Election}, + author={{South Carolina Secretary of State}}, + note = {https://sos.sc.gov/ (accessed March 2016)}, + year={2000-2012} +} +@misc{sosalpoll, + title={Polling Locations}, + author={{Alabama Secretary of State}}, + note = {https://www.sos.alabama.gov/ (accessed March 2016)}, + year={2016} +} +@misc{sosflpoll, + title={Polling Locations}, + author={{Florida Secretary of State}}, + note = {https://dos.myflorida.com/ (accessed March 2016)}, + year={2016} +} +@misc{sosgapoll, + title={Polling Locations}, + author={{Georgia Secretary of State}}, + note = {https://sos.ga.gov/ (accessed March 2016)}, + year={2016} +} +@misc{soslapoll, + title={Polling Locations}, + author={{Louisiana Secretary of State}}, + note = {https://www.sos.la.gov/Pages/default.aspx (accessed March 2016)}, + year={2016} +} +@misc{sosncpoll, + title={Polling Locations}, + author={{North Carolina Secretary of State}}, + note = {https://www.sosnc.gov/ (accessed March 2016)}, + year={2016} +} +@misc{sosscpoll, + title={Polling Locations}, + author={{South Carolina Secretary of State}}, + note = {https://sos.sc.gov/ (accessed March 2016)}, + year={2016} +} +@misc{stevenson, + title={Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror}, + author={{Equal Justice Initiative}}, + note = {https://eji.org/reports/lynching-in-america/ (accessed June 2019)}, + year={1877-1950} +} +@misc{sfp, + title={Southern Focus Poll}, + author={{The Odum Institute for Research in Social Science of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill}}, + note = {http://www.thearda.com/Archive/Sfocus.asp (accessed March 2020)}, + year={1993} +} +@misc{fipscodes, + title={FIPS Codes}, + author={{United States Census Bureau}}, + note = {https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/geographies/reference-files.html (accessed July 2017)}, + year={2000-2012} +} +@article{ipumsacs, + title={IPUMS USA: Version 10.0 [dataset]}, + author={Ruggles, Steven and Flood, Sarah and Goeken, Ronald and Grover, Josiah and Meyer, Erin and Pacas, Jose and Sobek, Matthew}, + journal={Minneapolis, MN: IPUMS}, + year={2020}, + note = {https://doi.org/10.18128/D010.V10.0 (accessed June 2020)} +} +@misc{ipumsnhgis, + title={IPUMS National Historical Geographic Information System: Version 14.0 [Database](NHGIS). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota. 2019}, + author={Manson, Steven and Schroeder, Jonathan and Van Riper, David and Ruggles, Steven}, + year={2019}, + note = {http://doi.org/10.18128/D050.V14.0 (accessed December 2019)} +} +@misc{hal, + title={Historical American Lynching Data Collection Project}, + author={Elizabeth Hines and Eliza Steelwater}, + note = {http://people.uncw.edu/hinese/HAL/HAL.zip (accessed July 2020)}, + year={1882-1930} +} +@misc{proact, + title={Political Participation}, + author={{U.S. Commission on Civil Rights}}, + note = {https://www2.law.umaryland.edu/marshall/usccr/subjlist.html?subjectid=75 (accessed April 2020)}, + year={1968} +} +@misc{stetsonphoto, + author = {{Stetson Kennedy papers}}, + title = {Special Collections and Archives}, + year = {1940}, + publisher = {Georgia State University Library}, + note = {https://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/digital/collection/SKennedy/id/13383 (accessed July 30, 2020)} +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git 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Sen}{2016} +\harvardcite{akee2018}{Randall Akee, William Copeland, E.~Jane Costello, John~B. Holbein \harvardand \ Emilia Simeonova}{Akee et~al.}{2018} +\harvardcite{sosal}{{Alabama Secretary of State}}{Alabama Secretary of State}{2000-2012} +\harvardcite{sosalpoll}{{Alabama Secretary of State}}{Alabama Secretary of State}{2016} +\harvardcite{alesina2013origins}{Alberto Alesina, Paola Giuliano \harvardand \ Nathan Nunn}{Alesina, Giuliano \harvardand \ Nunn}{2013} +\harvardcite{allen2000without}{James Allen, Hilton Als, John Lewis \harvardand \^^MLeon~F Litwack}{Allen et~al.}{2000} +\harvardcite{alsan2018tuskegee}{Marcella Alsan \harvardand \ Marianne Wanamaker}{Alsan \harvardand \ Wanamaker}{2018} +\harvardcite{altonji2005selection}{Joseph~G Altonji, Todd~E Elder \harvardand \ Christopher~R Taber}{Altonji, Elder \harvardand \ Taber}{2005} +\harvardcite{ashworth2007targeted}{Scott Ashworth}{Ashworth}{2007} +\harvardcite{beck1992season}{EM Beck \harvardand \ Stewart~E Tolnay}{Beck \harvardand \ Tolnay}{1992} +\harvardcite{besley2006handcuffs}{Timothy Besley \harvardand \ Andrea Prat}{Besley \harvardand \ Prat}{2006} +\harvardcite{besley2002political}{Timothy Besley \harvardand \ Robin Burgess}{Besley \harvardand \ Burgess}{2002} +\harvardcite{blalock1967toward}{Hubert~M Blalock}{Blalock}{1967} +\harvardcite{blanco2013impact}{Luisa~R Blanco}{Blanco}{2013} +\harvardcite{bullock1981policy}{Charles~S Bullock~III \harvardand \ Susan~A MacManus}{Bullock~III \harvardand \ MacManus}{1981} +\harvardcite{byrne2005unfinished}{Dara~N Byrne et~al.}{Byrne et~al.}{2005} +\harvardcite{cascio2014valuing}{Elizabeth~U Cascio \harvardand \^^MEbonya Washington}{Cascio \harvardand \ Washington}{2014} +\harvardcite{charles2013employment}{Kerwin~Kofi Charles \harvardand \^^MMelvin Stephens~Jr}{Charles \harvardand \ Stephens~Jr}{2013} +\harvardcite{christopher1965constitutionality}{Warren~M Christopher}{Christopher}{1965} +\harvardcite{collins2014selection}{William~J Collins \harvardand \^^MMarianne~H Wanamaker}{Collins \harvardand \ Wanamaker}{2014} +\harvardcite{cook2014violence}{Lisa~D Cook}{Cook}{2014} +\harvardcite{cook_logan_parman}{Lisa~D. Cook, Trevon~D. Logan \harvardand \ John~M. Parman}{Cook, Logan \harvardand \ Parman}{2018} +\harvardcite{defina2011legacy}{Robert DeFina \harvardand \ Lance Hannon}{DeFina \harvardand \ Hannon}{2011} +\harvardcite{dellavigna2016voting}{Stefano DellaVigna, John~A List, Ulrike Malmendier \harvardand \ Gautam Rao}{DellaVigna et~al.}{2016} +\harvardcite{dickerson2003reconstruction}{Donna~Lee Dickerson}{Dickerson}{2003} +\harvardcite{downs1957economic}{Anthony Downs}{Downs}{1957} +\harvardcite{dubois1935black}{William Edward~Burghardt DuBois}{DuBois}{1935} +\harvardcite{sosfl}{{Florida Secretary of State}}{Florida Secretary of State}{2000-2012} +\harvardcite{sosflpoll}{{Florida Secretary of State}}{Florida Secretary of State}{2016} +\harvardcite{foner1988reconstruction}{Eric Foner}{Foner}{1988} +\harvardcite{fujiwara2016habit}{Thomas Fujiwara, Kyle Meng \harvardand \ Tom Vogl}{Fujiwara, Meng \harvardand \ Vogl}{2016} +\harvardcite{garrow1978protest}{David~J Garrow}{Garrow}{1978} +\harvardcite{gentzkow2006rise}{Matthew Gentzkow, Edward~L Glaeser \harvardand \ Claudia Goldin}{Gentzkow, Glaeser \harvardand \ Goldin}{2006} +\harvardcite{sosga}{{Georgia Secretary of State}}{Georgia Secretary of State}{2000-2012} +\harvardcite{sosgapoll}{{Georgia Secretary of State}}{Georgia Secretary of State}{2016} +\harvardcite{gerber2003voting}{Alan~S Gerber, Donald~P Green \harvardand \ Ron Shachar}{Gerber, Green \harvardand \ Shachar}{2003} +\harvardcite{religioncensus}{Clifford Grammich, Kirk Hadaway, Richard Houseal, Dale~E Jones, Alexei Krindatch, Richie Stanley \harvardand \ Richard~H Taylor}{Grammich et~al.}{2010} +\harvardcite{grosjean2014history}{Pauline Grosjean}{Grosjean}{2014} +\harvardcite{hal}{Elizabeth Hines \harvardand \ Eliza Steelwater}{Hines \harvardand \ Steelwater}{1882-1930} +\harvardcite{hume2008blacks}{Richard~L Hume \harvardand \ Jerry~B Gough}{Hume \harvardand \ Gough}{2008} +\harvardcite{jones2017political}{Daniel~B Jones, Werner Troesken \harvardand \ Randall Walsh}{Jones, Troesken \harvardand \ Walsh}{2017} +\harvardcite{kent2003making}{Redding Kent}{Kent}{2003} +\harvardcite{sosla}{{Louisiana Secretary of State}}{Louisiana Secretary of State}{2000-2012} +\harvardcite{soslapoll}{{Louisiana Secretary of State}}{Louisiana Secretary of State}{2016} +\harvardcite{lowes2018legacy}{Sara~Rachel Lowes \harvardand \ Eduardo Montero}{Lowes \harvardand \ Montero}{2018} +\harvardcite{ipumsnhgis}{Steven Manson, Jonathan Schroeder, David Van~Riper \harvardand \ Steven Ruggles}{Manson et~al.}{2019} +\harvardcite{matsusaka1995explaining}{John~G Matsusaka}{Matsusaka}{1995} +\harvardcite{miller2015elections}{Michael~K Miller}{Miller}{2015} +\harvardcite{mocan2016economic}{Naci Mocan \harvardand \ Christian Raschke}{Mocan \harvardand \ Raschke}{2016} +\harvardcite{sosnc}{{North Carolina Secretary of State}}{North Carolina Secretary of State}{2004-2012} +\harvardcite{sosncpoll}{{North Carolina Secretary of State}}{North Carolina Secretary of State}{2016} +\harvardcite{nunn2008slavery}{Nathan Nunn}{Nunn}{2008} +\harvardcite{nunnimportance}{Nathan Nunn}{Nunn}{2009} +\harvardcite{nunn2011slave}{Nathan Nunn \harvardand \ Leonard Wantchekon}{Nunn \harvardand \ Wantchekon}{2011} +\harvardcite{oster2017unobservable}{Emily Oster}{Oster}{2017} +\harvardcite{price2008does}{Gregory~N Price, William~A Darity~Jr \harvardand \ Alvin~E Headen~Jr}{Price, Darity~Jr \harvardand \ Headen~Jr}{2008} +\harvardcite{ipumsacs}{Steven Ruggles, Sarah Flood, Ronald Goeken, Josiah Grover, Erin Meyer, Jose Pacas \harvardand \ Matthew Sobek}{Ruggles et~al.}{2020} +\harvardcite{sossc}{{South Carolina Secretary of State}}{South Carolina Secretary of State}{2000-2012} +\harvardcite{sosscpoll}{{South Carolina Secretary of State}}{South Carolina Secretary of State}{2016} +\harvardcite{seerpop}{{Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program}}{Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program}{2000-2012} +\harvardcite{tate1991black}{Katherine Tate}{Tate}{1991} +\harvardcite{sfp}{{The Odum Institute for Research in Social Science of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill}}{The Odum Institute for Research in Social Science of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill}{1993} +\harvardcite{tolnay1995festival}{Stewart~Emory Tolnay \harvardand \^^MElwood~M Beck}{Tolnay \harvardand \ Beck}{1995} +\harvardcite{qwiearn}{{United States Census Bureau}}{United States Census Bureau}{2000-2012} +\harvardcite{proact}{{U.S. Commission on Civil Rights}}{U.S. Commission on Civil Rights}{1968} +\harvardcite{incarceration}{{Vera Institute of Justice}}{Vera Institute of Justice}{2010} +\harvardcite{voigtlander2012persecution}{Nico Voigtl{\"a}nder \harvardand \ Hans-Joachim Voth}{Voigtl{\"a}nder \harvardand \ Voth}{2012} +\harvardcite{williams1993south}{Lou~Falkner Williams}{Williams}{1993} diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/Williams_Voting.bbl b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/Williams_Voting.bbl new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2d24c9fbefe26b164a7732ad758f3578f24fdd7b --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/Williams_Voting.bbl @@ -0,0 +1,390 @@ + + +% Bibstyle aea.bst version 2009.05.20 + +\begin{thebibliography}{xx} + +\harvarditem[Acemoglu, Johnson \harvardand\ Robinson]{Daron Acemoglu, Simon + Johnson \harvardand\ James~A Robinson}{2012}{acemoglu2012colonial} +{\bf Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson, and James~A Robinson.} 2012. ``The + colonial origins of comparative development: An empirical investigation: + Reply.'' {\em American Economic Review}, 102(6):~3077--3110. + +\harvarditem[Acharya, Blackwell \harvardand\ Sen]{Avidit Acharya, Matthew + Blackwell \harvardand\ Maya Sen}{2015}{acharya2015culture} +{\bf Acharya, Avidit, Matthew Blackwell, and Maya Sen.} 2015. ``A culture of + disenfranchisement: How American slavery continues to affect voting + behavior.'' {\em The Journal of Politics, forthcoming}. + +\harvarditem[Acharya, 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festival of + violence: An analysis of southern lynchings, 1882-1930.} University of + Illinois Press. + +\harvarditem[{United States Census Bureau}]{{United States Census + Bureau}}{2000-2012}{qwiearn} +{\bf {United States Census Bureau}.} 2000-2012. ``Earnings Quarterly Workforce + Indicators.'' https://qwiexplorer.ces.census.gov (accessed March 2016). + +\harvarditem[{U.S. Commission on Civil Rights}]{{U.S. Commission on Civil + Rights}}{1968}{proact} +{\bf {U.S. Commission on Civil Rights}.} 1968. ``Political Participation.'' + https://www2.law.umaryland.edu/marshall/usccr/subjlist.html?subjectid=75 + (accessed April 2020). + +\harvarditem[{Vera Institute of Justice}]{{Vera Institute of + Justice}}{2010}{incarceration} +{\bf {Vera Institute of Justice}.} 2010. ``Incarceration Trends.'' + http://trends.vera.org/incarceration-rates?data=localJail (accessed March + 2016). + +\harvarditem[Voigtl{\"a}nder \harvardand\ Voth]{Nico Voigtl{\"a}nder + \harvardand\ Hans-Joachim Voth}{2012}{voigtlander2012persecution} +{\bf Voigtl{\"a}nder, Nico, and Hans-Joachim Voth.} 2012. ``Persecution + perpetuated: the medieval origins of anti-Semitic violence in Nazi Germany.'' + {\em The Quarterly Journal of Economics}, 127(3):~1339--1392. + +\harvarditem[Williams]{Lou~Falkner Williams}{1993}{williams1993south} +{\bf Williams, Lou~Falkner.} 1993. ``The South Carolina Ku Klux Klan Trials and + Enforcement of Federal Rights, 1871-1872.'' {\em Civil War History}, + 39(1):~47--66. + +\end{thebibliography} diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/Williams_Voting.blg b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/Williams_Voting.blg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..85a2f62ed8707340e9956b28470faf4f8df4b6cf --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/Williams_Voting.blg @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +This is BibTeX, Version 0.99d (TeX Live 2020) +Capacity: max_strings=200000, hash_size=200000, 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Many thanks to Naci Mocan, Chris Foote, Trevon Logan, Lisa Cook, Louis-Philippe Beland, Breyon Williams, Falk Brauning, Osborne Jackson, Geoffrey Tootell, Robert Margo, Ebonya Washington, Ross Hallren, Tamara Gurevich, Gary Hoover, Gregory Price, Jori Kandra and seminar participants of the Southern Economic Association Conference in Washington D.C., the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, the United States International Trade Commission, and the CSMGEP Dissertation Session for useful comments and discussions.}} +\date{\today} +\pubMonth{Month} +\pubYear{Year} +\pubVolume{Vol} +\pubIssue{Issue} +\JEL{N90, J15, Z10} + + +\begin{abstract} +This paper analyzes the extent to which the political participation of blacks can be traced to historical lynchings that took place from 1882 to 1930. Using county-level voter registration data, I show that blacks who reside in southern counties that experienced a relatively higher number of historical lynchings have lower voter registration rates today. This relationship holds after accounting for a variety of historical and contemporary characteristics of counties. There exists evidence of the persistence of cultural voting norms among blacks yet this relationship does not exist for whites. +\end{abstract} + +\maketitle + +``A lynching is much more than just a murder. A murder may occur in private. A lynching is a public spectacle; it demands an audience...A lynching is a majority's way of telling a minority population that the law cannot protect it." - Aatish Taseer, \textit{Anatomy of a Lynching} (2017) + +\vspace{5mm} +Political participation is one of the most fundamental ways in which citizens participate in the democratic process. In theory, it allows each citizen an equal voice in American politics and thereby an equal voice in American public policy. Yet more than fifty years following the enactment of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the political participation of blacks remains lower than that of whites in many elections in the United States.\footnote{The Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibited voter-discrimination schemes that prevented blacks from participating politically \cite{christopher1965constitutionality}.} Considering that blacks are underrepresented in political participation, thereby causing their interests to be underrepresented in American public policy, examining explanations for low political participation among blacks can be used to inform policy.\footnote{\citeasnoun{miller2015elections} states that politicians who depart from citizens’ interests are more likely to be replaced. Since the black population is not large enough to control legislative bodies in any state, their “policy preferences become only public only if supported by a coalition of black and white representatives \cite{bullock1981policy}.”} + +In this paper, I propose an explanation that explores a setting that experienced violent racist acts in the past - the American South. Specifically, I ask whether historical racial animus continues to influence the voting behavior of blacks. Using historical lynchings, a general indicator of the extent to which a county was able to inflict violence on blacks \cite{jones2017political} to proxy racial animus, I test whether there exists a link between historical lynchings and the contemporary political participation of blacks.\footnote{Recent findings have argued that violence in political settings can create mistrust in the government which may cause individuals to avoid the political process \cite{blanco2013impact,jones2017political}. When viewed as a general indicator of violence, \citeasnoun{jones2017political} propose that lynchings would have a ``\textit{persistent and lasting effect on voter turnout}".} Considering that historical lynchings were mechanisms for social control that discouraged a variety of activities among blacks including voting \cite{dickerson2003reconstruction,cook_logan_parman} recent findings of habit-formation and norm-based voting \cite{gerber2003voting,dellavigna2016voting,fujiwara2016habit} and the strong correlation between parent and child's voting propensity \cite{akee2018}, it is plausible that past events continue to influence the political participation of blacks today.\footnote{ \citeasnoun{dellavigna2016voting} find that individuals are motivated to vote due to the social image received from family and friends. \citeasnoun{gerber2003voting} and \citeasnoun{fujiwara2016habit} show that voting is a habitual act based on previous voting conditions and experiences. \citeasnoun{akee2018} find an intergenerational transmission of voting behavior in that there exists a strong correlation between parents' prior voting propensity and their children's voting propensity in the future.} + +To investigate whether historical racial animus continues to influence the political participation of blacks, I combine county-level lynching data with contemporary voter registration data. After accounting for a variety of historical characteristics of counties, the results show that blacks who reside in counties that were exposed to a relatively higher number of lynchings from 1882 to 1930 have lower voter registration rates today. + +A number of falsification exercises show the robustness of this basic correlation in that lynchings are not related to the voting behavior of whites. Motivated by the possibility that slavery left behind anti-black institutions that reduce the political participation of blacks today \cite{acharya2015culture}, I include an additional specification that accounts for an area's historical prevalence of slavery. Additionally, this negative relationship may be due to contemporary measures such as education, earnings, high incarceration rates of blacks, and the paucity of polling places in counties. The results remain virtually unchanged after the inclusion of these potential confounders. + + +While the goal of this paper is to estimate the long-run association of the political participation of blacks and a historical proxy for racial animus, it is impossible to distinguish whether this is due to the persistence of cultural voting norms that have been transmitted to subsequent generations or the persistence of discriminatory acts that prevent blacks from voting today. However, the analysis to follow will test several likely mechanisms and finds evidence of the transmission of cultural voting norms among blacks. + + +The first mechanism I examine is whether the relationship between historical lynchings and the voting behavior of blacks is due to geographic sorting. For example, during the Great Migration, blacks with higher voting propensities may have migrated away from violent southern areas while blacks who were less likely to participate in voting remained. Using data from the 1940 100\% IPUMS-USA \cite{ipumsacs}, I examine whether black migrants out of southern counties with higher lynching rates differ from individuals who did not migrate from these counties. I find no evidence of geographic sorting as a function of lynching rates which suggests that the relationship between lynchings and voting behavior of blacks is not explained by sorting. + + +The next mechanism I examine is whether counties with a relatively higher number of historical lynchings have contemporary barriers that suppress the voting of blacks. For instance, if counties that experienced more historical lynchings also have fewer polling places in areas where blacks live today, then the results may be an artifact of this phenomenon. To understand whether the paucity of polling places in black areas explains the relationship between lynchings and the voting behavior of blacks, I use data on polling locations.\footnote{Polling location data are obtained from the Secretary of State Offices in 2017 and reflect polling place locations in the 2016 Presidential Election. Data come from \citeasnoun{sosalpoll}, \citeasnoun{sosflpoll}, \citeasnoun{sosgapoll}, \citeasnoun{soslapoll}, \citeasnoun{sosncpoll}, and \citeasnoun{sosscpoll}.} I find no evidence that counties with a relatively higher number of historical lynchings have fewer polling places in areas where blacks reside. + + +The final mechanism I examine is whether lynchings are related to cultural voting norms among blacks. If lynchings discouraged the political participation of blacks in the past, thereby causing blacks to become disinterested in participating, this behavior may have been passed down to future generations. Using data from \citeasnoun{sfp}, I examine whether lynchings are related to voting norms among blacks. I find that blacks who reside in areas with a relatively higher number of lynchings are less likely to indicate that their parents felt it was important for them to be patriotic yet this relationship does not exist for whites. + + +After identifying a potential mechanism for the relationship between historical lynchings and the contemporary political participation of blacks, I examine whether the relationship between lynchings and black political participation can be mitigated. For example, \citeasnoun{tate1991black} found that blacks with higher income, more education, and stronger social ties to the black community were more likely to participate in voting. To investigate this, I interact lynching rates with county-level measures of earnings, education, and the black church member rate.\footnote{The black church member rate is the number of members that attend churches with predominate black congregations per black 10,000 population in 2010.} The results show that education and earnings do not change the relationship between lynchings and voting. However, the relationship between lynchings and political participation is mitigated by higher rates of black church members. + + +There are two main contributions of this paper. First, it adds to recent findings in economics by helping us understand how an initial shock that alters behavior can have a persistent impact \cite{nunn2011slave,acemoglu2012colonial,voigtlander2012persecution,acharya2016political}. Second, the paper increases our understanding of the determinants of voting by measuring the extent to which violent acts can deter the target group from voting in the future. + +This paper is organized as follows. Section I provides the historical background and conceptual framework. The data description is given in Section II. The empirical framework, presented in Section III, is used to motivate the empirical analysis to follow. Section IV presents the results. Section V examines potential mechanisms and Section VI concludes. + +\section{Historical Background and Conceptual Framework} +\subsection{Historical Background} + +The Reconstruction Act of 1867 forever changed the voting population in the South with Congress requiring Southern conventions to met and adopt new constitutions that included manhood suffrage \cite{dubois1935black,foner1988reconstruction}. With this enactment, more than one million blacks and more than 300,000 illiterate, poor whites were given the right vote \cite{dubois1935black}. Manhood suffrage was supported by Union army commanders who sought to protect any devices that would keep blacks from the polls \cite{dubois1935black}. Also, officials from the Freedmen's Bureau ``\textit{advised Negros about registration and voting and disabused their minds of fears of taxation or military service or reenslavement}" \cite{dubois1935black}. These measures of protection resulted in voter turnout among black men that ranged between 70\% and 90\% \cite{kent2003making} and restructured the South. Blacks voted for white Republican politicians who filled seats once held by Democrats as well as black men held political office for the first time. For example, blacks were 61\% of the state delegates in South Carolina, 50\% of the state delegates in Louisiana, and 40\% of the state delegates in Florida \cite{dubois1935black}. + +While these elections were the most democratic ever seen in the South \cite{dubois1935black}, some individuals were not pleased by this restructuring. Violent intimidation from the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) in the form of beatings, burnings, and lynchings was used to discourage blacks from voting \cite{defina2011legacy}. During the Presidential campaign season of 1868, KKK members rode around on horses wearing white hoods and robes threatening blacks that if they did not vote for the Democratic ticket, they would be lynched \cite{dickerson2003reconstruction}.\footnote{In 1871, Congress appointed a committee to investigate allegations of voter intimidation \cite{tolnay1995festival}. ``Witnesses repeatedly testified that during the late 1860s a surge of terrorism was directed against politically active blacks." Shaffer Bowens, a Ku Klux Klan member, testified during these hearings that the aims and methods of the Klan was ``to advance the conservative party and put down the radical party….By killing, and whipping, and crowding out men from the ballot boxes."} In 1868, the KKK killed more than 2,000 blacks in Louisiana, two South Carolina legislators, and the President of the Union League, causing black voter turnout to be reduced by 20 percent between the 1867 and the 1868 election \cite{dickerson2003reconstruction,jones2017political}.\footnote{The Union League was an organization that helped blacks register to vote and was headed by northern Republicans. Additionally, these acts of terror reduced voter turnout in additionally southern states. Jones et al. (2017) find that exposure to lynchings reduced black voter turnout by 2.5 percentage points in the post-Reconstruction south.} These KKK terrorists' acts helped the south regain Democratic control in the statehouse in 1870 \cite{dickerson2003reconstruction}. + +While lynchings continued after the 1868 election, lynchings were not restricted to political intimidation. In fact, there exist three theories to explain lynching behavior. The first theory hypothesizes that blacks were lynched because they were seen as an economic threat \cite{beck1992season,cook_logan_parman}. By lynching blacks, whites vented economic frustration due to inflation or decreases in cotton prices \cite{defina2011legacy} and instilled fear in blacks who could compete for jobs \cite{cook_logan_parman}. The second theory hypothesizes that blacks were lynched because they were viewed as a social threat \cite{price2008does,cook_logan_parman}. \citeasnoun{cook_logan_parman} state that whites feared losing their social status to blacks and used lynching as a way of maintaining social order. The third theory, \citeasnoun{blalock1967toward} power threat hypothesis, proposed that violence arouse when the dominant group perceived the subordinate group contested their political authority \cite{price2008does}. Figure~\ref{histreg} supports \citeasnoun{blalock1967toward} power threat hypothesis in that areas with higher percentages of black registered voters in 1867 also had higher lynching rates during the lynching period.\footnote{This figure is created using a binned scatter plot which controls for the percentage of black residents (to total residents) in 1860. OLS results can be found in the online Appendix Table B1.} + +According to \citeasnoun{allen2000without}, blacks were aware of lynchings that took place by the depiction of lynchings in newspapers and on postcards. Figure~\ref{totalmap} presents a county-level mapping of the total number of lynchings between 1882 and 1930 and shows that some counties experienced as many as 25 lynchings during this time period with variation across counties and states.\footnote{A map of lynchings is presented for county state pairs that have voting data separated by race namely Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina.} Yet, examining the number of lynchings may not accurately depict the ``threat of violence" since it does not account for an area's size. As such, Figure~\ref{totalnormmap} presents the total number of lynchings normalized by black population in 1900. The map shows that lynching rates were as high as 159.82 per 10,000 black residents in 1900. + +This southern racial climate, along with low voter registration among blacks, continued well into the mid-1900s. For example, in 1940 black registration in eleven southern states was estimated to be 151,000, which was approximately 3\% of the 5 million southern blacks who were of voting age \cite{garrow1978protest}. While some southern states saw increases in black registration in the late 1950s and early 1960s, three states with the majority of voting discrimination lawsuits saw no significant increases in black registration - Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi \cite{garrow1978protest}. Efforts to prevent voter discrimination lacked the coercive capabilities to guarantee full civil rights, which caused Congress to pass ``the most significant civil rights landmark of our time" \cite{byrne2005unfinished} - the Voting Rights Act (VRA) of 1965. + +The VRA prohibited barriers that prevented blacks from registering to vote and resulted in southern states exhibiting increases in black registration after its enactment \cite{cascio2014valuing}. Figure~\ref{proact} shows this fact. The overall voter registration rate among blacks increased in the post-enactment period compared to the pre-enactment period yet despite this increase, lynching rates are negatively associated with black voter registration rates in both periods.\footnote{In 1968, the United States Commission on Civil Rights \cite{proact} published county-level voter registration data by race before and after the enactment of the VRA. Pre-registration data are from 1964 in Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina and from 1962 in Georgia. Post-registration data are from 1967 in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina and from 1966 in Florida. The negative relationship remains when the group of outliers are removed from the sample.} This suggests that while the VRA may have eliminated some barriers that prevented blacks from participating politically, the VRA did not eliminate the relationship between racist acts and voter registration among blacks. + +Motivated by the negative relationship between lynchings and black voter registration pre- and post-VRA enactment, the analysis to follow examines whether lynchings continue to influence the contemporary voting behavior of blacks. + +\subsection{Conceptual Framework} + +The foundational model of voting, developed by \citeasnoun{downs1957economic}, posits that individuals vote when the benefit of voting exceeds the cost.\footnote{Benefit is the probability that an individual's vote will make a difference in the outcome of an election times the utility received from the individual's favorite candidate winning the election, and the payoff an individual receives from exercising his social duty.} Recent models have expanded \citeasnoun{downs1957economic} framework of voting costs to include logistical cost and information cost \cite{matsusaka1995explaining,ashworth2007targeted,charles2013employment}. The logistical cost of voting is the cost associated with the act of voting (e.g. traveling to the poll, waiting in line, etc.) and the information cost of voting is the cost associated with having limited information regarding a candidate or an election \cite{charles2013employment}. + +Within this framework, the historical lynching environment raised the cost of voting for blacks since gathering information on elections as well as traveling to election polls could lead to death for many blacks. Considering that cultural beliefs are viewed as decision-making heuristics or ``rules-of-thumb" which are optimal when information acquisition is either costly or imperfect \cite{nunn2011slave,alesina2013origins}, general beliefs about the ``right" action caused blacks to refrain from voting - thus allowing blacks to save on the cost associated with voting.\footnote{\citeasnoun{jones2017political} state that exposure to violence in a political setting may generate fear and discourage voter turnout.} Within this environment, cultural beliefs about voting were beneficial to blacks, thereby lowering their voting behavior patterns, which may have been passed to subsequent generations. + +A natural question is why would one expect lower voter participation among blacks to be associated with events the occurred nearly 100 years ago. One explanation can be found in the cultural economics literature, which demonstrates that historic events have long-run impacts by permanently affecting culture or norms of behavior.\footnote{For a more detailed discussion, see \citeasnoun{nunnimportance}}. For example, \citeasnoun{nunn2011slave} showed that a culture of mistrust persisted in individuals whose ancestors were heavily targeted during the slave trade in Africa which continues to affect economic development in Africa over 400 years later. \citeasnoun{lowes2018legacy} find that greater historical exposure to campaigns that promoted drugs with negative side effects were associated with lower willingness to receive free tests for anemia or HIV. \citeasnoun{alsan2018tuskegee} find that disclosure to disclosure of the Tuskegee study of 1972 are associated with increases of medical mistrust for older black men. \citeasnoun{mocan2016economic} analyzed whether a culture of racist and xenophobic feelings persisted in Germany following World War II, and found that people who live in states that provided above-median support for the Nazi Party in the 1928 elections have stronger anti-Semitic feelings today. Similarly, \citeasnoun{voigtlander2012persecution} reported a strong positive relationship between violent attacks on Jews during the Black Death in 1348 and support for the Nazi Party in 1928, demonstrating a culture of anti-Semitic views that have persisted more than 500 years. Taken together, research in cultural economics has shown that cultural beliefs are sticky and are transmitted across generations \cite{alesina2013origins}. It is plausible that past lynching events may have caused blacks to avoid the voting process altogether, creating a culture of voter apathy, and these voting norms may have persisted by being transmitted to subsequent generations.\footnote{Due to the lack of voting data by race during the historical time period, this explanation cannot be tested.} + +Additional evidence of the persistence of voting behavior can be found in the voting literature. \citeasnoun{akee2018} found that there exists an intergenerational transmission of voting behavior in that there exists a strong correlation between parents' prior voting and their children voting in the future. Additionally, research has shown that voting is habit forming in that voting in one election increases an individual's propensity to vote in future elections. \citeasnoun{gerber2003voting} used a randomized field experiment that randomly assigned individuals to treatment and control groups to isolate the causal role in voting. Individuals in the treatment group were encouraged to vote via mail or via face to face campaigning whereas individuals in the control group were not encouraged to vote. These authors found that this randomized change produced an increase in voting in the upcoming election and increased the likelihood of voting in the future. \citeasnoun{fujiwara2016habit} also showed that voting is habit-forming by empirically disentangling habit formation in voting from other channels of voter persistence. These authors model rainfall, an unexpected and transitory shock, into the cost of voting and find that rainfall on election day decreases voter turnout in the current and future elections. + +While it is plausible that the persistence of voting behavior among blacks exists, it is impossible to distinguish whether lynchings are negatively related to the current political participation among blacks because of the persistence of cultural voting norms or the persistence of discriminatory practices. For instance, areas that were exposed to a higher number of lynchings may have and continue to discriminate against blacks. These practices, in addition to norm based voting, may influence the current voting behavior of blacks. While the analysis below will attempt to examine some of the possible explanations, it is beyond the scope of this paper to fully separate these two mechanisms through which this long-run association exists. Instead, this paper attempts to empirically estimate the long-run association between a proxy for racial animus and the voting behavior of blacks and finds evidence of the persistence of cultural voting norms. + +\section{Data Sources and Description} +The lynching data are obtained from the Historical American Lynching Data Collection Project (Project HAL) and include all lynching victims' records in Southern counties from 1882 to 1930.\footnote{Poject HAL data come from \citeasnoun{hal}. Southern counties include counties in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee.} The Project HAL data include lynchings which meet the NAACP definition.\footnote{To be included in the lynching inventory, an incident must meet the following criteria: a) There must be evidence that someone was killed b) The killing must have occurred illegally c) Three or more persons must have taken part in the killing; and d) The killers must have claimed to be serving justice or tradition.} For each lynching record, the information includes the victim's name, race, gender, and alleged offense.\footnote{Although many of the alleged offenses listed in Project Hal are murder or rape, an 1883 Supreme Court ruling may have influenced what was listed as an alleged offense. This ruling declared it unconstitutional for the federal government to penalize murder or assault and allowed local governments to punish such crimes. The 1883 ruling overturned the 1871 Enforcement Act which granted ``the power of the president to use military force to suppress domestic violence that deprived citizens of their rights, privileges, or immunities, or protection named in the Constitution" \cite{williams1993south}.} The dataset also includes the county, state, month, day, and year that the lynching occurred.\footnote{Counties that are not listed in Project HAL are assumed to have zero historical lynchings. The results remain when these counties are excluded.} To construct the lynching measure, the data are restricted to black victims and excludes lynchings carried out by black mobs. The lynching measure represents the number of lynchings of black victims that occurred in a county from 1882 to 1930. + +I link the aggregated lynching data with population data from the 1900 Census \cite{ipumsnhgis}.\footnote{Considering that the lynching data spans from 1882 to 1930, the year 1900 is nearly the midpoint of the period and is used to normalize the number of lynchings. The results are robust to using the black population in 1910, 1920, or 1930. See online Appendix Table B2.} The 1900 Census population data are obtained from the National Historical Geographic Information System (NHGIS) and contain county-level measures for the black, white, and total population. The lynching and population data are used to construct the main explanatory variable, black lynching rate, which is the number of black lynchings per 10,000 black population in 1900. A lynching rate is constructed as the main explanatory variable as opposed to the number of lynchings since it more accurately captures the intensity of lynchings or ``threat of violence" by accounting for the number of blacks in an area.\footnote{Additionally, previous research used lynching rates rather than the number of lynchings as a measure of violence \cite{cook2014violence,acharya2016political}. } + +The voter registration data are obtained from the Secretary of State Offices in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina.\footnote{Registration data come from \citeasnoun{sosal}, \citeasnoun{sosfl}, \citeasnoun{sosga}, \citeasnoun{sosla}, \citeasnoun{sosnc}, and \citeasnoun{sossc}.The data for Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and South Carolina are obtained for the years 2000, 2004, 2008, and 2012 due to data availability beginning in many of these states in 2000. Voter registration data in North Carolina are obtained in 2004, 2008, and 2012 since North Carolina does not report race until 2002. The voter registration data in Florida are obtained from its Secretary of State Office in 2016. The method used for extracting voter registration for the years 2000, 2004, 2008, and 2012 is explained in the Data Appendix. Additionally, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina report voter turnout separated by race. The analysis to follow focuses on voter registration since it is available during the historical lynching period, the interim period, and the contemporary period. The results hold when voter turnout is used as an outcome variable.} Ideally, the sample would include all counties in the former Confederate States. However, these are the only states in the former Confederacy, and in the lynching data, in which individuals are asked to identify their race when they register to vote. See Appendix for more information regarding voter registration data from the Secretary of State Offices. + +The voter registration data are merged with population data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) of the National Cancer Institute for the years 2000, 2004, 2008, and 2012.\footnote{Population data come from \citeasnoun{seerpop}. SEER data are used, as opposed to Census data, because population data from SEER can be extracted for Presidential years. SEER data can be broken into postcensal (data after decennial census but before next census) and intercensal (years between two completed decennial censuses) population data. Postcensal population data is estimated by updating resident population in the decennial census using the components of population change approach (births/deaths to U.S. resident women, net international migration, net movement of U.S. Armed forces and civilians, etc.). Intercensal population data is estimated by adjusting the final postcensal estimates for the decade to account for differences between the April 1, base population (from the census at the end of the decade) and the postcensal estimates for April 1 of that census year. See https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr\_02/sr02\_135.pdf or https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/bridged\_race/Documentation-Bridged-PostcenV2018.pdf for more details.} The SEER data contain county-level population counts by age and race. To focus on individuals who are of voting age, the data are restricted to population counts for individuals who are 18 or older. The registration and SEER data are used to construct the outcome measure, voter registration rate, as the county-level percentage of black registered voters per black voting age population. Similarly, voter registration rate among whites is measured as the percentage of white registered voters per white voting age population.\footnote{Voter registration rate is more than 100\% in some counties. The results to follow use voter registration as is. The results when voter registration rates are top-coded to 100 and when counties with voter registration rates that exceed 100 are removed from the sample can be found in the online Appendix Table B3.} + +The primary source for historical measures in this study is the NHGIS \cite{ipumsnhgis} which provides Census data from 1790 to the present. Proxies for historical institutional quality include the newspaper rate in 1840 and the year in which a county was formed \cite{grosjean2014history}.\footnote{Newspapers have been shown to be a good proxy for institutional quality. \citeasnoun{gentzkow2006rise} find that when corruption declined in the US, between 1870 to 1920, the press expanded its circulation. \citeasnoun{besley2002political} find that newspaper circulation is related to the dispersion of food aid and calamity relief in India. \citeasnoun{besley2006handcuffs} show that higher rates of state ownership of newspapers is associated with higher levels of corruption.} To capture historical economic indicators, I include the average farm value \cite{ipumsnhgis}, the proportion of small farms and land inequality in 1860 \cite{acharya2016political}.\footnote{Data on land inequality come from \citeasnoun{acharya2016political} as originally obtained from \citeasnoun{nunn2008slavery}.} Additionally, the proportion of free blacks in 1860 is included to proxy norms about race \cite{acharya2016political}. The number of black illiterate men per black voting age population is obtained from the 1910 Census \cite{ipumsnhgis}. See Data Appendix for detailed information regarding historical controls. + +Table~\ref{statistics} presents the Descriptive Statistics. Although Table~\ref{statistics} shows that the voter registration rate of blacks is close to that of whites with rates of 73.85\% and 76.29\% respectively, this phenomenon is a result of high voter registration rates and voter turnout among blacks in the 2008 and 2012 Presidential Elections.\footnote{The 2008 and 2012 Presidential Elections included the first African American Presidential Nominee, Barack Obama.} While voter registration rates among blacks (whites) exceed 100\% in some counties, the result remains when these counties are excluded from the sample or when they are top-coded at 100\%.\footnote{Voter registration rates of blacks exceeds 100\% in 8 of the 267 counties in the sample.} + +\section{Empirical Framework} + +To estimate the relationship between historical lynchings and the contemporary voting behavior of blacks, the baseline equation estimates the following equation: +\begin{equation} +\begin{aligned} +voter\;registration\;rate_{cs} = & \beta_{0} + \beta_{1}lynching\;rate_{cs} \\ & + \beta_{2}X^H_{cs} + \delta_{s} + \epsilon_{cs} +\label{olsbaseline} +\end{aligned} +\end{equation} +where $c$ indexes counties and $s$ indexes states; $voter\;registration\;rate_{cs}$ is the averaged percentage of black registered voters per black voting-age population in the 2000, 2004, 2008, and 2012 Presidential Elections; $lynching\;rate_{cs}$ is the number of lynchings of blacks from 1882 to 1930 per 10,000 black population in 1900.\footnote{This measure excludes lynchings performed by black mobs against blacks.} $X^H_{cs}$ represents the vector of observed historical county characteristics that vary across counties. This vector includes factors that may have been determinants of lynchings, namely economic, institutional, social, and political factors.\footnote{See Section II for theories of lynchings.} To account for economic indicators, similar to \citeasnoun{acharya2016political}, I include the average farm value in 1860, the proportion of small farms in 1860, and land inequality in 1860. Similarly, to account for social factors, I include the proportion of free blacks in 1860 to proxy norms of race \cite{acharya2016political}. My specification differs from \cite{acharya2016political} in that I include proxies for institutional quality such as the average number of newspapers per total population in 1840 and the year in which a county was formed \cite{grosjean2014history}. Barriers to voting during the historical period included polling taxes and literacy tests. However, these barriers were instituted at the state-level in Southern counties. To proxy political barriers, I include the number of black illiterate men per 10,000 voting age population in 1910. This variable is included since it is reasonable to believe that barriers to voting were implemented differently in areas with smaller (or larger) shares of illiterate black voters. $\delta_{s}$ is the set of state fixed effects and $\epsilon_{cs}$ is the error term. The main coefficient of interest, $\beta_{1}$, estimates the impact of one additional lynching per 10,000 black population in 1900 on the percentage of black registered voters per black voting-age population. + + +\section{Results} + +Figure~\ref{baseline} shows the relationship of Equation (1). The dependent variable, voter registration rate of blacks, is defined as the percentage of black registered voters per black voting-age population. Figure~\ref{baseline} shows that lynching rates are negatively associated with black voter registration rates.\footnote{The negative relationship remains when the group of outliers are removed from the sample. Additionally, examining the sensitivity of the results to various specifications shows that the negative relationship remains when the lynching rate uses a log or arcsin transformation and when the lynching rates in the 95th percentile are dropped from the sample. However, dropping the 95th percentile lynching rates loses significance.} Specifically, moving from the 25th percentile of lynching rates to the 75th percentile of lynchings rates results in a 2.2 percentage point difference (equivalent to a 2.7\% change) in voter registration rates among blacks.\footnote{The difference in voter registration rates between whites and blacks differs by 5.7, 9.1, 3.8. and 0.6 percentage points in the 2000, 2004, 2008, and 2012 elections respectively (Census Bureau Voting and Registration in the Election).} This suggests that blacks who reside in counties that were exposed to a relatively higher number of historical lynchings are less likely to register to vote today. + +\subsection{Falsification Exercises} + +Next, I perform a number of falsification exercises. First, I consider whether there exists a relationship between lynching rates of whites and the contemporary voting behavior of blacks. Considering that blacks were disproportionately lynched compared to whites following the American Civil War (Price et al. 2008) and lynchings are proxies for historical racial animus towards blacks, there should not exist a significant relationship between lynching rates of whites and the voting behavior of blacks. Table~\ref{falsifications} shows the results. Column (1), which is used for comparison purposes, presents the baseline estimate of the relationship between black lynching rates and registration rates among blacks. Column (2) presents the estimates using white lynching rates. Column (2) shows that the estimates are close to zero and statistically insignificant indicating that lynching rates of whites cannot be linked to the contemporary voting behavior of blacks. + +Second, I consider whether there exists evidence of a relationship between lynching rates and the contemporary voting behavior of whites using black and white lynching rates in Columns (3) and (4) of Table~\ref{falsifications} respectively. Similar to the previous falsification exercise, black lynching rates and whites lynching rates are not related to the contemporary voting behavior of whites. In fact, the estimates are close to zero and statistically insignificant. The results from Table~\ref{falsifications} show that lynching rates of blacks are only associated with the contemporary voting behavior of blacks - the targeted group of 90\% of lynchings. + +\subsection{Robustness Checks} + +Motivated by the possibility that this relationship may be explained by several characteristics of counties, I examine a number of potential confounders. First, I examine whether this relationship is robust to the inclusion of slavery.\footnote{\citeasnoun{acharya2015culture} found that slavery left behind formal and cultural institutions (i.e. black codes, racial violence, Jim Crow, etc.), which made it difficult for blacks to vote, and continues to affect voter turnout of blacks today.} + +As seen in \citeasnoun{acharya2015culture}, I include the slave rate in 1860 \cite{ipumsnhgis} to serve as a proxy for institutional structures that may make it difficult for blacks to vote today. Column (1) of Table~\ref{slaves} shows the baseline estimates and Column (2) accounts for the number of slaves per 10,000 total population in 1860. Contrary to \citeasnoun{acharya2015culture}, the number of slaves is positively associated with voter registration rates of blacks, and this association is significant at the 1\% level. To examine the discrepancy between the results in Column (2) and the results in \citeasnoun{acharya2015culture}, I examine whether current shares of black populations can explain this difference. For example, if current shares of blacks who are of voting age are positively associated with the share of slaves in 1860, then this positive association may be the result of blacks being more likely to register in areas in which there are more ``like-minded" individuals. While a simple method to examine this would be to control for the contemporary share of voting age blacks (i.e. the number of voting age blacks per total voting age population), the outcome variable, registration rates of blacks, is defined as the percentage of black registered voters per black voting age population. Hence, controlling for the contemporary share of voting age blacks would lead to simultaneous bias. + +To examine whether this relationship explains the positive association between slavery and the contemporary voter registration of blacks, I employ two methods. First, I examine the relationship between the share of slaves and the share of voting-age blacks. Figure~\ref{scatblackslaves} depicts the scatter plot of these two variables and shows a positive association between the share of slaves and the current share of voting age blacks. Figure~\ref{binblackslaves} shows the binned scatter plot which again depicts a positive association between the share of slaves and the share of voting-age blacks. The second method changes the main specification so that the outcome variable is the number of black registered voters rather than the black registration rate (i.e. it is not normalized by the black voting age population) and controls for the current rate of voting age blacks. The results can be seen in Table~\ref{regblack}. The results show two facts. First, similar to \citeasnoun{acharya2015culture}, slavery is negatively associated with the number of registered blacks, and the current rate of voting age blacks is positively associated with the number of blacks registered to vote. Second, there does not exist a statically significant relationship between slavery and current levels of registered blacks voters yet there exists a statistically significant relationship between the voting age blacks and the level of registered black voters. Taken together, the methods employed suggest that the positive coefficient seen in Table~\ref{slaves} Column (2) can be explained by blacks being clustered in areas the had a higher prevalence of slavery in the past. + +Next, I examine whether the relationship between lynchings and the political participation is robust to contemporary factors. Table~\ref{lynchmob} Columns (1) - (5) accounts for each potential confounder by adding each confounder to the baseline specification.\footnote{See data appendix for a discussion of data sources for each variable.} + +Since education and earnings have been shown to be associated with political participation, Columns (1) and (2) include education and earnings into the baseline specification respectively.\footnote{Earnings data come from \citeasnoun{qwiearn} and education data come from \citeasnoun{ipumsnhgis}.} The results show that there exists a positive yet statistically insignificant relationship between education and voter registration as well as earnings and voter registration. + + +Because blacks have higher incarceration rates compared to other racial groups and individuals cannot vote when they are incarcerated, Column (3) incorporates incarceration rate of blacks into the baseline specification.\footnote{Incarceration data come from \citeasnoun{incarceration}. In Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina ex-offenders can register to vote after completion of their full sentence. In Alabama, ex-offenders can register to vote after completing their entire sentence except those convicted of murder, rape, incest, sexual crimes against children, and treason. In Florida, ex-offenders can register to vote 5 years after completing their sentence except those convicted of murder, assault, child abuse, drug trafficking, and arson. Ex-offenders convicted of these crimes can register to vote 7 years after completing their full sentence. One limitation with this data is that the incarceration rate is based on the number of individuals in local jails not incarcerated individuals' home addresses.} The results show that the incarceration rate is negatively associated with voter registration rates yet this association is insignificant. + +The number of polling places, which has been shown to positively affect voter participation, can be viewed as a proxy for accessibility to voting. Column (4) includes the polling place rate into the baseline specification.\footnote{Polling place data come from \citeasnoun{sosalpoll}, \citeasnoun{sosflpoll}, \citeasnoun{sosgapoll}, \citeasnoun{soslapoll}, \citeasnoun{sosncpoll}, and \citeasnoun{sosscpoll}.} The results show that the number of polling places is positively and significantly associated with voter registration rates of blacks. This indicates that easier access to voting, in the form of polling places, increases registration rates of blacks. + +The final column of Table~\ref{lynchmob} presents the specification which includes all potential confounders, historical controls and state fixed effects. The results show that for one additional lynching per 10,000 black population in 1900, the voter registration rate of blacks decreases by 0.34 percentage points and this result is significant at the 5\% level. In other words, moving from the 25th percentile of lynching rates to the 75th percentile of lynchings rates results in a 1.5 percentage point difference (equivalent to a 2.03\% change) in voter registration rates among blacks. + +In summary, Table~\ref{lynchmob} shows that there exists a link between historical lynchings and the contemporary voting behavior of blacks.\footnote{An additional specification uses lynching data from the Equal Justice Initiative (EJI) which contain county-level lynching from 1877 to 1950. The results remain negative and significant and can be seen in the online Appendix Table B4.} Additionally, while the results are robust to the inclusion of the potential confounders, some or all of these controls are endogenous in that they could be affected by lynchings. As a result, the remainder of the analysis will use the baseline specification as the preferred specification. This specification includes historical controls and state fixed effects.\footnote{Considering that the estimates obtained in Table~\ref{lynchmob} may be biased by unobservables, I examine whether selection on observables can be used to access the potential bias from unobservables \cite{altonji2005selection,oster2017unobservable}. The results show that selection on observables is unlikely and can be seen in online Appendix Table B5.} + + +\section{Mechanisms} + +Up to this point, I have shown that lynchings are associated with the contemporary voting behavior of blacks. This relationship is consistent with the hypothesis that historical racial animus continues to influence the political participation of blacks. Yet, an explanation for this relationship has not been identified. In this section, I perform a number of exercises to identify potential channels though which this relationship might exist. + +\subsection{Migration Results} + +The first potential explanation examines whether these results can be explained by geographic migration. For example, during the Great Migration, which lasted from 1916 to 1970, millions of blacks migrated away from southern states to northern and western states in search of better economic and social conditions. If blacks who were more likely to participate in voting were also more likely to migrate away from violent southern counties, blacks with lower voting propensities remained. + +Following \citeasnoun{acharya2016political}, I use the 1940 100\% sample obtained from the IPUMS-USA \cite{ipumsacs}. This sample is unique in that it provides a respondent's current county of residence as well as the county of residence five years prior (Acharya et al. 2016) allowing for individuals who migrated from southern counties to be identified. Once identified, I can test whether migrants' individual attributes differ from individuals who remained in southern counties. For geographic sorting to explain the results, patterns of mobility out of southern counties would need to differ as a function of lynchings. + +To examine whether geographic sorting explains the results, I restrict the data to blacks and estimate: +\begin{equation} +\begin{aligned} +attributes_{i} = & \gamma_{1}outmigration_{i} + \gamma_{2}lynching\;rate_{1935i} \\ & + \gamma_{3}(outmigration_{i}*lynching\;rate_{1935i}) \\ & + \gamma_{4}X^H_{1935cs} + \delta_{1935s} + \epsilon_{ics}, +\end{aligned} +\label{migrationequ} +\end{equation} +where $attributes_{i}$ represents a respondent's wage, age, gender, education level, weeks worked, and rent; $outmigration_{i}$ represents whether an individual migrated out of a southern county.\footnote{Southern counties include counties in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina.} This regression also includes historical controls based on a respondent's 1935 county of residence and his or her 1935 state fixed effects. The main coefficient of interest, $\gamma_{3}$, estimates differences between out-migrants' individual attributes and those who did not migrate as a function of the lynching rate. Table~\ref{migrationtable} shows the results from Equation (2). We see that out-migrants have lower wages, are older, are less likely to be female, are more likely to have 9th grade education or more, are more likely to be full-time, and have lower rent compared to individuals who ``stayed" in southern counties with higher lynching rates. However, these estimates are close to zero and are statistically insignificant.\footnote{Females are less likely to be out-migrants compared to stayers in southern counties with higher lynchings rates and this relationship is statistically significant.} + +Considering the data used in Equation (2) cover a small window during the Great Migration, I use data from \citeasnoun{collins2014selection} to examine black male southern migrants and non-migrants during the peak of the Great Migration (1910 to 1930). Using data from \citeasnoun{collins2014selection} support the results seen in Table~\ref{migrationtable} in that black male migrants do not differ significantly from non-migrants on selected attributes and the estimates are close to zero. These results can be found in online Appendix Table B6. Together, these findings suggest that sorting does not explain the relationship between lynching and the voting behavior of blacks. + +\subsection{Polling Locations} + +The second explanation examines whether counties that experienced a relatively higher number of lynchings have contemporary barriers that suppress voting. I consider one potential barrier - the paucity of polling places in black areas. That is, I examine whether counties with more historical lynchings have fewer polling places in areas where blacks live. If the number of polling places varies as a function of lynching rates and the proportion of blacks in an area, then my results may be a result of this phenomenon. However, if no relationship exists, then this exercise will strengthen the claim that historical lynchings, a proxy for historical racial animus, have had a long-run association with the voting behavior of blacks. + +To examine this relationship, I obtain the GIS boundary census-tract map along with census-tract population data from the 2010 Census \cite{ipumsnhgis}. Polling place data come from the Secretary of State Offices in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina and includes the name of each polling place, each polling place address, and county and state identifiers. Using an address locator from ArcGIS, each polling place address is geocoded into its equivalent latitude and longitude coordinate. As shown in Figure~\ref{map}, pairs of coordinates are overlaid onto the 2010 United States census-tract boundary map \cite{ipumsnhgis}. Figure~\ref{mapzoom} shows an enlarged mapping of geocoded addresses in Louisiana and shows that the number of polling places varies across census-tracts. + +Using this mapping, I tally the number of polling places that lie within the GIS census-tract and merge this dataset with the 2010 population data and the lynching data to be used in Equation (3).\footnote{To merge the geocoded address (point) layer with the NHGIS census-tract boundary layer, I use the intersect tool in ArcGIS. The intersect tool takes two layers as input and returns the features that belong to both layers as output. Census-tract boundaries that do not contain any points from the point layer are assumed to have no polling places. The merged point and boundary layer file is aggregated to the census-tract level which yields the total number of polling places in each census tract.} + +To examine whether the number of polling places varies as a function of the proportion of blacks and the lynching rate, I consider: +\begin{equation} +\begin{aligned} +polling_{t} = & \kappa_{0} + \kappa_{1}share\;black_{t} + \kappa_{2}lynching\;rate_{c} + \\ & \kappa_{3}(share\;black_{t}*lynching\;rate_{c}) + \kappa_{4}population\;density_{t} + \epsilon_{t} +\end{aligned} +\label{pollequ} +\end{equation} +where $polling_{t}$ is the number of polling places per 10,000 population which varies across census tracts, $share\;black_{t}$ is the proportion of blacks which varies across census tracts, $lynching\;rate_{c}$ is the number of black lynchings from 1882 to 1930 per black population in 1900 which varies across counties, and $population\;density_{t}$ is the population per 100 land area which varies across census tracts.\footnote{Land area is measured in square miles.} The coefficient of interest, $\kappa_{3}$, measures the relationship between lynchings and the number of polling places as a function of the proportion black. Table~\ref{tract} shows three facts. First, areas with a larger proportion of black residents have fewer polling places, yet the association is insignificant and the coefficient is close to zero. Second, areas that experienced a relatively higher number of lynchings in the past have fewer polling places today. This association is significant at the 1\% level yet the magnitude of the estimate is negligible. Finally, there is no significant difference in the number of polling places as the proportion of blacks and the lynching rate vary. In fact, the magnitude of the main coefficient of interest, $\kappa_{3}$, is close to zero. In summary, Table~\ref{tract} suggests that there does not exist evidence that counties that experienced a relatively higher number of lynchings have fewer polling places in areas where blacks reside. + +\subsection{Cultural Voting Norms} + +The final explanation examines whether lynchings are related to cultural voting norms of blacks. Considering that research has shown that individuals are motivated to vote due to the social image received from family and friends \cite{dellavigna2016voting}, it is plausible that lynchings created persistent cultural beliefs regarding voting. That is, lynchings may have discouraged voting, thereby lowering the political participation patterns which were passed down to future generations. + +To examine whether lynchings are associated with the intergenerational transmission of voting behavior, I use data from the Southern Focus Poll (SFP) which asks questions about the south and contain county identifiers.\footnote{SFP data come from \citeasnoun{sfp}.} In particular, the SFP asks respondents ``when you were growing up, how important was it to your parents that you be patriotic."\footnote{The patriotic question is only available in 1993.} I assign individuals historical lynching rates based on their current county of residence. + +Figure~\ref{racepat} shows the results for blacks and whites. The results shows that blacks who live in areas with higher lynching rates are less likely to indicate that their parents thought it was important for them to be patriotic. Yet, this relationship is close to zero and statistically insignificant for whites.\footnote{Analysis using individuals who identify as other shows no significant relationship with past lynchings and patriotism. Other is a very small category and thus very imprecisely estimated.} The fact that this relationship only exists among blacks and not whites suggests that lynchings continue to influence the voting behavior of blacks via cultural voting norms. While this does not rule out the persistence of discriminatory practices, considering that this relationship does not exist for whites suggests that voting practices have been passed down to future generations among the targeted group of lynchings - blacks. + +\subsection{Heterogeneity} + +The analysis thus far has established that historical lynchings are negatively associated with the voting behavior of blacks. This section examines whether this relationship can be mitigated. For example, \citeasnoun{tate1991black} found that blacks who had more education, higher incomes, and were more engaged in social activities that create strong social bonds between blacks (i.e. church attendance) were more likely to participate in voting. + +I investigate whether the relationship between historical lynchings and the voting behavior of blacks varies as a function of education, earnings, and the black church member rate.\footnote{Earnings data come from \citeasnoun{qwiearn} and education data come from \citeasnoun{ipumsnhgis}. Black church member data come from \citeasnoun{religioncensus}.} Table~\ref{heterogeneity} presents the results. Column (1) reports the estimates when the lynching rate is interacted with the proportion of blacks with some college experience. While higher shares of blacks with at least some college experience appears to mitigate the relationship between lynchings and voter registration, this association is statistically insignificant. Column (2) shows that higher earnings do not change the relationship between lynchings and voting. However, Column (3) presents the results when the black church member rate is interacted with the lynching rate and show that a higher church rate mitigates the relationship between lynchings and voter registration. In conclusion, Table~\ref{heterogeneity} shows that the relationship between lynchings and black voter registration rates is mitigated by higher rates of black church members which suggest that blacks with stronger ties to the black community, or even church community, will weaken the main results. + + +\section{Summary and Conclusion} +Economists have shown that historical events can have long-run impacts by permanently changing culture or norms of behavior. This paper contributes to the literature in economics by understanding the extent to which historical racial animus continues to influence the voting behavior of blacks. The results show that counties that were exposed to a relatively higher number of lynchings have lower voter registration rates of blacks today. Specifically blacks who moved from areas within the 25th percentile of lynching rates to the 75th percentile of lynching rates would reduce their voter registration rate by 2.7\%. Further analyses suggest that this result is unlikely to be driven by education, earnings, incarceration rates of blacks, institutions that remained after slavery, geographic sorting, or contemporary barriers to voting. Examining individual-level variation in patriotism shows that blacks who reside in counties with a relatively higher number of lynchings are less likely to indicate that their parents thought it was important for them to be patriotic. However, this relationship does not exist among whites. This provides evidence of the persistence of cultural voting norms among blacks - the targeted group of lynchings. + +In addition to understanding the determinants of voting, this research has important policy implications. In 2013, a key provision of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was overturned. This provision required areas with a history of racial discrimination in voting to receive pre-clearance from a federal court to change election laws. Given that this paper documents the long-run association between historical lynchings and political participation before this key provision was overturned, these findings can be used to inform policies and laws that protect the voting rights of minorities. Additionally, this paper documents that blacks who reside in counties with a relatively higher number of lynchings are underrepresented in voting which suggests that their interests are also underrepresented in American policies. + + +\clearpage + + +\begin{table} +\caption{Descriptive Statistics} + \begin{tabular}{lccccc} + \rowgroup{\underline{Panel A: Outcome Variables}} & Mean & \makecell{Standard\\Deviation} & Min & Max & N \\ + Black registered voters& 73.845& 17.253& 14.858& 136.704& 267\\ + White registered voters& 76.285& 11.177& 38.299& 104.865& 267\\ + \rowgroup{\underline{Panel B: Historical Controls}} & & & & & \\ + Black lynchings & 2.985& 3.385& 0.000& 18.000& 267\\ + Black lynching rate & 3.816& 5.458& 0.000& 45.662& 267\\ + Black population in 1900& 10904.419& 9143.520& 77.000& 60312.000& 267\\ + \makecell[l]{Average farm value\\in 1860}& 8.993& 8.474& 1.000& 65.000& 267\\ + \makecell[l]{Proportion of small\\farms in 1860}& 0.391& 0.198& 0.023& 1.000& 267\\ + \makecell[l]{Inequality of farmland\\in 1860}& 0.491& 0.075& 0.160& 0.737& 267\\ + \makecell[l]{Proportion of free blacks\\in 1860}& 128.188& 209.407& 0.000& 1685.682& 267\\ + Average newspapers rate& 0.119& 0.403& 0.000& 4.854& 267\\ + County formation & 1775.843& 54.276& 1664.000& 1836.000& 267\\ + \makecell[l]{Slaves in 1860\\(per 10k pop)}& 4312.980& 1995.739& 248.364& 9085.114& 267\\ + \makecell[l]{Proportion of black\\illiterate men in 1910}& 4250.181& 1003.408& 1501.534& 7234.146& 267\\ + \rowgroup{\underline{Panel C: Contemporary Controls}} & & & & & \\ + \makecell[l]{Some college experience\\or more of blacks}& 0.284& 0.115& 0.000& 0.905& 267\\ + Monthly earnings of blacks& 2043.203& 291.160& 1348.750& 3224.250& 267\\ + Black church member rate& 187.113& 136.642& 0.000& 942.249& 267\\ + \makecell[l]{Incarceration rate of\\blacks (per 10k pop)}& 128.207& 181.697& 0.000& 1816.800& 267\\ + \makecell[l]{Polling place rate\\(per 10k pop)}& 5.163& 3.243& 0.349& 25.882& 267\\ + \end{tabular} + \begin{tablenotes}[Source] + Registered voters data come from \citeasnoun{sosal}, \citeasnoun{sosfl}, \citeasnoun{sosga}, \citeasnoun{sosla}, \citeasnoun{sosnc}, \citeasnoun{sossc}. Polling location data come from \citeasnoun{sosalpoll}, \citeasnoun{sosflpoll}, \citeasnoun{sosgapoll}, \citeasnoun{soslapoll}, \citeasnoun{sosncpoll}, \citeasnoun{sosscpoll}. The lynching data come from \citeasnoun{hal}. Population data, the average farm value, the number of newspapers, the number of slaves, the number of black illiterate men per voting-age population, the share of blacks (whites) with at least some college experience, the median age of blacks (whites), and the share married come from \citeasnoun{ipumsnhgis}. \citeasnoun{grosjean2014history} provides the year of county formation. The average farm value, proportion of small farms, inequality of farmland and the number of free blacks in 1860 come from \citeasnoun{acharya2016political}. Contemporary measures of population are obtained from \citeasnoun{seerpop}. The monthly earnings of blacks (whites) in 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012 are obtained from \citeasnoun{qwiearn}. The incarceration rate come from \citeasnoun{incarceration}. The black church member rate is obtained from \citeasnoun{religioncensus}. See Appendix A for more a description of variables. + \end{tablenotes} + \label{statistics} +\end{table} + + + +\begin{table} + \caption{The Association between Lynching Rates and Political Participation among Blacks} + \input{falsifications.tex} + \begin{tablenotes} + Standard errors are in parentheses. The black lynching rate is the number of black (white) lynchings in a county from 1882-1930 per 10,000 black (white) population in 1900. The dependent variable, black (white) registered voters rate, is the (averaged) percentage of black (white) registered voters in the 2000, 2004, 2008 or the 2012 Presidential Election per black voting age population. See Table~\ref{statistics} for a complete list of data sources. + \end{tablenotes} + \begin{tablenotes}[Source] + Lynching data come from \citeasnoun{hal}. Registered voters data come from \citeasnoun{sosal}, \citeasnoun{sosfl}, \citeasnoun{sosga}, \citeasnoun{sosla}, \citeasnoun{sosnc}, \citeasnoun{sossc}. + \end{tablenotes} + \label{falsifications}% +\end{table} + + + +\begin{table} + \caption{The Association between Lynching Rates and Political Participation among Blacks Controlling for Slaves} + \input{slaves.tex} + \begin{tablenotes} + Standard errors are in parentheses. The black lynching rate is the number of black lynchings in a county from 1882-1930 per 10,000 black population in 1900. The dependent variable, black registered voters rate, is the (averaged) percentage of black registered voters in the 2000, 2004, 2008 or the 2012 Presidential Election per black voting age population. Share slaves in the number of slaves per 10,000 total population in 1860. See Table~\ref{statistics} for a complete list of data sources. + \end{tablenotes} + \begin{tablenotes}[Source] + Lynching data come from \citeasnoun{hal}. Registered voters data come from \citeasnoun{sosal}, \citeasnoun{sosfl}, \citeasnoun{sosga}, \citeasnoun{sosla}, \citeasnoun{sosnc}, \citeasnoun{sossc}. Slave data come from \citeasnoun{ipumsnhgis}. + \end{tablenotes} + \label{slaves}% + \end{table} + + + + +\begin{table} + \caption{The Association between Lynching Rates and Black Registered Voters} + \input{regblack.tex} + \begin{tablenotes} + Standard errors are in parentheses. The black lynching rate is the number of black lynchings in a county from 1882-1930 per 10,000 black population in 1900. The dependent variable is the average number of black registered voters in the 2000, 2004, 2008 or the 2012 Presidential Elections. See Table~\ref{statistics} for a complete list of data sources. + \end{tablenotes} + \begin{tablenotes}[Source] + Lynching data come from \citeasnoun{hal}. Registered voters data come from \citeasnoun{sosal}, \citeasnoun{sosfl}, \citeasnoun{sosga}, \citeasnoun{sosla}, \citeasnoun{sosnc}, \citeasnoun{sossc}. Slave data come from \citeasnoun{ipumsnhgis}. + \end{tablenotes} + \label{regblack}% +\end{table} + + + + + +\begin{table} + \caption{The Association between Lynching Rates and Voter Registration Rates among Blacks} + \input{lynchmob.tex} + \begin{tablenotes} + Standard errors are in parentheses. The black lynching rate is the number of black lynchings in a county from 1882-1930 per 10,000 black population in 1900. The dependent variable, black registered voters rate, is the (averaged) percentage of black registered voters in the 2000, 2004, 2008 or the 2012 Presidential Election per black voting age population. See Table~\ref{statistics} for a complete list of data sources. + \end{tablenotes} + \begin{tablenotes}[Source] + Lynching data come from \citeasnoun{hal}. Registered voters and polling data come from \citeasnoun{sosal}, \citeasnoun{sosfl}, \citeasnoun{sosga}, \citeasnoun{sosla}, \citeasnoun{sosnc}, \citeasnoun{sossc}.Education data come from \citeasnoun{ipumsnhgis} and earnings data come from \citeasnoun{qwiearn}. Incarceration data come from \citeasnoun{incarceration}. + \end{tablenotes} + \label{lynchmob}% +\end{table} + + + + + + +\begin{table} + \caption{The Association between Lynching Rates and Differences in Attributes between Migrants and Stayers} + \input{Iners14.tex} + \begin{tablenotes} + Standard errors are in parentheses and are clustered at the county level. The lynching rate is the number of black lynchings in a county from 1882-1930 per 10,000 black population in 1900. + \end{tablenotes} + \begin{tablenotes}[Source] + Lynching data come from \citeasnoun{hal}. Registered voters data come from \citeasnoun{sosal}, \citeasnoun{sosfl}, \citeasnoun{sosga}, \citeasnoun{sosla}, \citeasnoun{sosnc}, \citeasnoun{sossc}. Data on the dependent variables come from the \citeasnoun{ipumsnhgis}. + \end{tablenotes} + \label{migrationtable}% +\end{table} + + + + + +\begin{table} + \caption{The Association between Lynchings Rates and the Number of Polling Locations} + \input{tract.tex} + \begin{tablenotes} + Standard errors are in parentheses. The lynching rate is the number of black lynchings in a county from 1882-1930 per 10,000 black population in 1900. The dependent variable, number of polling locations, come from the Secretary of State Offices in AL, FL, GA, LA, NC, and SC. The proportion black and population density come from the 2010 Census. + \end{tablenotes} + \begin{tablenotes}[Source] + Lynching data come from \citeasnoun{hal}. Registered voters data come from \citeasnoun{sosal}, \citeasnoun{sosfl}, \citeasnoun{sosga}, \citeasnoun{sosla}, \citeasnoun{sosnc}, \citeasnoun{sossc}. Polling location data come from \citeasnoun{sosalpoll}, \citeasnoun{sosflpoll}, \citeasnoun{sosgapoll}, \citeasnoun{soslapoll}, \citeasnoun{sosncpoll}, \citeasnoun{sosscpoll}. + \end{tablenotes} + \label{tract}% +\end{table} + + + + + +\begin{table} + \caption{The Association between Lynching Rates and Black Voter Registration Rates Heterogeneity Analysis} + \input{persistence.tex} + \begin{tablenotes} + Standard errors are in parentheses. The black lynching rate is the number of black lynchings in a county from 1882-1930 per 1,000 black population in 1900. The dependent variable, black registered voters rate, is the (averaged) percentage of black registered voters in the 2000, 2004, 2008 or the 2012 Presidential Election per black voting age population. See Table~\ref{statistics} for a complete list of data sources. + \end{tablenotes} + \begin{tablenotes}[Source] + Lynching data come from \citeasnoun{hal}. Registered voters data come from \citeasnoun{sosal}, \citeasnoun{sosfl}, \citeasnoun{sosga}, \citeasnoun{sosla}, \citeasnoun{sosnc}, \citeasnoun{sossc}. Earnings data come from \citeasnoun{qwiearn} and education data come from \cite{ipumsnhgis}. Church data come from \citeasnoun{religioncensus}. + \end{tablenotes} + \label{heterogeneity}% +\end{table} + + +\clearpage + +\begin{figure} + \includegraphics[height=5in,angle=0,scale=0.5]{historicalreg.eps} + \caption{Voter Registration in 1867 and 1868 and Black Lynching Rate (County-Level)} + \begin{figurenotes} + Binned scatter plot. Controls for Percentage of Blacks in 1860. + \end{figurenotes} + \begin{figurenotes}[Source] + Lynching data come from \citeasnoun{hal}. Voter registration data source come from John Clegg based on tables in \citeasnoun{hume2008blacks}. + \end{figurenotes} + \label{histreg} +\end{figure} + + + +\begin{figure} + \includegraphics[height=4in,angle=0,scale=1.0]{Blacklynchmap.pdf} + \caption{Black Lynchings} + \begin{figurenotes}[Source] + Lynching data come from \citeasnoun{hal}. + \end{figurenotes} + \label{totalmap} +\end{figure} + + +\begin{figure} + \includegraphics[height=4in,angle=0,scale=1.0]{Blacklynchpopmap.pdf} + \caption{Black Lynchings per 10k Black Pop. in 1900} + \begin{figurenotes}[Source] + Lynching data come from \citeasnoun{hal}. + \end{figurenotes} + \label{totalnormmap} +\end{figure} + + + + +\begin{figure} + \includegraphics[height=5in,angle=0,scale=0.55]{proact.eps} + \caption{Voter Registration Pre- and Post Voting Rights Act of 1965 and Black Lynching Rate (County-Level)} + \begin{figurenotes}[Source] + Lynching data come from \citeasnoun{hal}. Registration data come from \citeasnoun{proact}. + \end{figurenotes} + \label{proact} +\end{figure} + + + + +\begin{figure} + \includegraphics[height=5in,angle=0,scale=0.55]{baseline.eps} + \caption{Lynchings and Black Voter Registration Rates} + \begin{figurenotes}[Source] + Lynching data come from \citeasnoun{hal}. Registered voters data come from \citeasnoun{sosal}, \citeasnoun{sosfl}, \citeasnoun{sosga}, \citeasnoun{sosla}, \citeasnoun{sosnc}, \citeasnoun{sossc}. + \end{figurenotes} + \label{baseline} +\end{figure} + + + + +\begin{figure} + \includegraphics[height=5in,angle=0,scale=0.6]{scatblackslaves.eps} + \caption{Scattered Plot of Contemporary Share Black and Share Slaves in 1860} + \begin{figurenotes}[Source] + Slave data come from \citeasnoun{ipumsnhgis}. Voting age data come from \citeasnoun{seerpop}. + \end{figurenotes} + \label{scatblackslaves} +\end{figure} + + +\begin{figure} + \includegraphics[height=5in,angle=0,scale=0.6]{binblackslaves.eps} + \caption{Binned Scattered Plot of Contemporary Share Black and Share Slaves in 1860} + \begin{figurenotes}[Source] + Slave data come from \citeasnoun{ipumsnhgis}. Voting age data come from \citeasnoun{seerpop}. + \end{figurenotes} + \label{binblackslaves} +\end{figure} + + + +\begin{figure} + \includegraphics[height=5in,angle=0,scale=0.6]{geocodemap.pdf} + \caption{Polling Place Locations Geocoded} + \begin{figurenotes}[Source] + Polling location data come from \citeasnoun{sosalpoll}, \citeasnoun{sosflpoll}, \citeasnoun{sosgapoll}, \citeasnoun{soslapoll}, \citeasnoun{sosncpoll}, \citeasnoun{sosscpoll}. + \end{figurenotes} + \label{map} +\end{figure} + + +\begin{figure} + \includegraphics[height=5in,angle=0,scale=0.6]{LAMapZoom.pdf} + \caption{Louisiana Sample Enlarged} + \begin{figurenotes}[Source] + Polling location data come from \citeasnoun{sosalpoll}, \citeasnoun{sosflpoll}, \citeasnoun{sosgapoll}, \citeasnoun{soslapoll}, \citeasnoun{sosncpoll}, \citeasnoun{sosscpoll}. + \end{figurenotes} + \label{mapzoom} +\end{figure} + + +\begin{figure} + \includegraphics[height=5in,angle=0,scale=0.6]{racepat.eps} + \caption{Cultural Voting Norms} + \begin{figurenotes}[Source] + Patriotism data come from \citeasnoun{sfp}. + \end{figurenotes} + \label{racepat} +\end{figure} + + +\clearpage +\bibliographystyle{aea} +\bibliography{References.lynch} + + + +\end{document} diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/aea.bst b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/aea.bst new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cfcb28f56b5deab88f2abdfcfd44076a35a881fb --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/aea.bst @@ -0,0 +1,1269 @@ +% BibTeX standard bibliography style `aea' (one of the harvard family) + % version 0.99a for BibTeX versions 0.99a or later, LaTeX version 2.09. + % Copyright (C) 2008, all rights reserved. + % Melissa Rice (melissa@fmtek.net), Full Moon Technical Solutions, LLC (dba FMTek) + % last revised: 20 May 2009 + +ENTRY + { address + author + booktitle + chapter + edition + editor + howpublished + institution + journal + key + month + note + number + organization + pages + presented + publisher + school + series + title + type + URL + volume + year + } + { field.used etal.allowed etal.required} + { extra.label sort.label list.year } + +STRINGS { s t f } + +% BOOLEAN OPERATORS + +FUNCTION {not} +{ { #0 } + { #1 } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {and} +{ 'skip$ + { pop$ #0 } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {or} +{ { pop$ #1 } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +% CHECKS + +FUNCTION {author.or.editor.check} +{ author empty$ editor empty$ and + { "empty author and editor in " cite$ * warning$ } + { skip$ } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {chapter.or.pages.check} +{ chapter empty$ pages empty$ and + { "empty chapter and pages in " cite$ * warning$ } + { skip$ } + if$ +} + + +FUNCTION {required} +{ 't := % name of variable + empty$ % value of variable on stack + { "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ } + { skip$ } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {field.or.null} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + 'skip$ + if$ +} + +% GENERAL FORMATTING + +FUNCTION {emphasize} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + { "{\em " swap$ * "}" * } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {embolden} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + { "{\bf " swap$ * "}" * } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {quote} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + { "`" swap$ * "'" * } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {doublequote} +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ "" } + { "``" swap$ * "''" * } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {join} +{ 't := % second string + 'f := % join character + 's := % first string + s empty$ + { t empty$ + { "" } + { t } + if$ + } + { t empty$ + { s } + { f ". " = + { s add.period$ " " * t * } + { s f * t * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect} +{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 < + { "~" } + { " " } + if$ + swap$ * * +} + +INTEGERS { len } + +FUNCTION {chop.word} +{ 's := + 'len := + s #1 len substring$ = + { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ } + 's + if$ +} + +INTEGERS { ind tsslen } + +STRINGS { tss ret rss istr } + +FUNCTION {replace.substring}{ + 'rss := + 'tss := + 'istr := + "" 'ret := + tss text.length$ 'tsslen := + #1 'ind := + { istr ind tsslen substring$ "" = not } + { istr ind tsslen substring$ tss = + { ret rss * 'ret := + ind tsslen + 'ind := + } + { ret istr ind #1 substring$ * 'ret := + ind #1 + 'ind := + } + if$ + } + while$ + ret +} + +FUNCTION {n.dashify} +{ 't := + "" + { t empty$ not } + { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = + { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not + { "--" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + { { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = } + { "-" * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + while$ + } + if$ + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ * + t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := + } + if$ + } + while$ +} + +INTEGERS { multiresult } + +FUNCTION {multi.page.check} +{ 't := + #0 'multiresult := + { multiresult not + t empty$ not + and + } + { t #1 #1 substring$ + duplicate$ "-" = + swap$ duplicate$ "," = + swap$ "+" = + or or + { #1 'multiresult := } + { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := } + if$ + } + while$ + multiresult +} + + +% OUTPUT FUNCTIONS + +FUNCTION {output} % writ +{ duplicate$ empty$ + { pop$ } + { write$} + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.year} % writ +{ list.year empty$ + { skip$ } + { list.year ". " * write$} + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.title.quoted} +{ title empty$ + { skip$ } + { title add.period$ doublequote " " * write$ } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.title.italic} +{ title empty$ + { skip$ } + { title add.period$ emphasize " " * write$ } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.entry} +{ duplicate$ "" = + { pop$ } + { add.period$ + write$ + } + if$ + newline$ +} + +% FIELD FORMATTING + +FUNCTION {format.address.only} +{ address empty$ + { "" } + { address } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.journal} +{ journal empty$ + { "" } + { journal emphasize } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.type} +{ type empty$ + { "" } + { type } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.number} +{ number empty$ + { "" } + { number } + if$ +} + + +FUNCTION {format.school} +{ school empty$ + { "" } + { school } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.institution} +{ institution empty$ + { "" } + { institution } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.masters} +{ "Master's diss." +} + +FUNCTION {format.phd} +{ "PhD diss." +} + +FUNCTION {format.note} +{ note empty$ + { "" } + { note } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.booktitle} +{ booktitle empty$ + { "" } + { booktitle emphasize } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.booktitle.label} +{ booktitle empty$ + { "" } + { booktitle embolden } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.title.bold} +{ title empty$ + { "" } + { title add.period$ embolden } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.month} +{ month empty$ + { "" } + { month } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages} % writ +{ volume empty$ + { number empty$ + {""} + { "there's a number but no volume in " cite$ * warning$ ", (" number * ")" *} + if$ + } + { number empty$ + { volume } + { volume "(" * number * ")" *} + if$ + } + if$ + pages empty$ + { skip$ } + { duplicate$ "" = + { pages n.dashify * } + { ":~" * pages n.dashify * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.edition} % writ +{ edition empty$ + { "" } + { edition " ed." * } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.book.vol.series.ed} % writ +{ volume empty$ + { series empty$ + { "" } + { series emphasize } + if$ + } + { "Vol." volume tie.or.space.connect + series empty$ + 'skip$ + { " of " * series emphasize * } + if$ + } + if$ + edition empty$ + { skip$ } + { ". " * edition * " ed." *} + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.address.publisher} % writ +{ address empty$ + { publisher empty$ + { "" } + { publisher } + if$ + } + { publisher empty$ + { address } + { address ":" * publisher *} + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.howpublished} +{ howpublished empty$ + { "" } + { howpublished emphasize } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.organization} +{ organization empty$ + { "" } + { organization } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.organization.presented} +{ organization empty$ + { "" } + { presented empty$ + { organization } + { presented " " * organization * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.pages} +{ pages empty$ + { "" } + { pages multi.page.check + { pages n.dashify } + { pages } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages} +{ chapter empty$ + { pages empty$ + { "" } + { format.pages } + if$ + } + { pages empty$ + { "Chapter " chapter * } + { "Chapter " chapter * ", " * format.pages * } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames } + +% Format names so that first author is "last, first" and subsequent authors are "first last" with commas +% separating authors whenever there are two or more and "and" precedes last author if 2 or more. +FUNCTION {format.names} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { nameptr #1 = + { s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}{, jj}{, ff}" format.name$ 't := } + { s nameptr "{ff }{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't := } + if$ + nameptr #1 > + { namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { t "others" = + { ", et~al." * } + { ", and " * t * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.names.forward} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr "{ff }{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't := + nameptr #1 > + { namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { t "others" = + { " et~al." * } + { " and " * t * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +INTEGERS { author.field editor.field organization.field title.field key.field } + +FUNCTION {init.field.constants} +{ #0 'author.field := + #1 'editor.field := + #2 'organization.field := + #3 'title.field := + #4 'key.field := +} + + + +FUNCTION {format.names.label} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr "{ff }{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" format.name$ 't := + nameptr #1 > + { namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { t "others" = + { " et~al." * } + { " \harvardand\ " * t * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.names.label.short} +{ 's := + #1 'nameptr := + s num.names$ 'numnames := + numnames #3 > + { s #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ " et~al." *} + { numnames 'namesleft := + { namesleft #0 > } + { s nameptr "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$ 't := + nameptr #1 > + { namesleft #1 > + { ", " * t * } + { t "others" = + { " et~al." * } + { " \harvardand\ " * t * } + if$ + } + if$ + } + 't + if$ + nameptr #1 + 'nameptr := + namesleft #1 - 'namesleft := + } + while$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.authors} +{ author empty$ + { "" } + { author format.names add.period$ embolden} + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.editors} +{ editor empty$ + { "" } + { editor format.names add.period$ embolden} + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.editors.primary} +{ editor empty$ + { "" } + { editor format.names ", " * embolden " ed" *} + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {format.editors.secondary} +{ editor empty$ + { "" } + { ", ed. " editor format.names.forward *} + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {make.list.label} % writ +{ author.field field.used = + { format.authors } + { editor.field field.used = + { format.editors.primary } + { organization.field field.used = + { "The " #4 organization chop.word embolden } + { title.field field.used = + { format.title.bold } + { key.field field.used = + { key } + { "Internal error :001 on " cite$ * " label" * warning$ } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {output.list.label} % writ +{ make.list.label add.period$ " " * write$ +} + +FUNCTION {make.label.short} % writ +{ author.field field.used = + { author format.names.label.short } + { editor.field field.used = + { editor format.names.label.short } + { organization.field field.used = + { "The " #4 organization chop.word} + { title.field field.used = + { format.booktitle.label } + { key.field field.used = + { key } + {"Internal error :001 on " cite$ * " label" * warning$ } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {make.label.full} % writ +{ author.field field.used = + { author format.names.label } + { editor.field field.used = + { editor format.names.label } + { organization.field field.used = + { "The " #4 organization chop.word} + { title.field field.used = + { format.booktitle.label } + { key.field field.used = + { key } + {"Internal error :001 on " cite$ * " label" * warning$ } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ +} + +% bibitem syntax: +% \harvarditem[abbr-citation]{full-citation}{citation-year}{cite-key} +% abbr-citation: names for 2nd and subsequent citations +% full-citation: names for 1st citation + +% Give full name (first name, middle initial, and last name) of author(s) and year of publication in the first citation. +% Give the last name of author and year of publication in parentheses for each subsequent citation. +% If there are four or more authors, refer to the first author, followed by et al. and the year. + +FUNCTION {output.bibitem} % writ +{ newline$ + "\harvarditem[" make.label.short * "]" * + "{" make.label.full * "}" * * + "{" list.year * "}" * * + "{" cite$ * "}" * * write$ + newline$ +} + +FUNCTION {stack.show} +{ duplicate$ "stack top: " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ + duplicate$ "" = + { "stack top is blank" warning$ } + { "stack top is non-blank" warning$ } + if$ +} +FUNCTION {article} % writ +{ output.bibitem + output.list.label % write author or surrogate label + output.year + output.title.quoted + author "author" required + title "title" required + journal "journal" required + year "year" required + format.journal ", " +% format.month join ", " + format.vol.num.pages join ". " + format.note join + output.entry +} + +FUNCTION {book} +{ output.bibitem + output.list.label % write author or surrogate label + output.year + output.title.italic + author.or.editor.check + title "title" required + publisher "publisher" required + year "year" required +% format.month ", " +% format.book.vol.series.ed join ", " + format.book.vol.series.ed ", " + format.address.publisher join ". " + format.note join + output.entry +} + + +FUNCTION {booklet} +{ output.bibitem + output.list.label % write author or surrogate label + year empty$ + { skip$ } + { output.year } + if$ + author empty$ + { skip$ } + { output.title.quoted } + if$ + title "title" required + format.howpublished ", " +% format.month join ", " + format.address.only join ". " + format.note join + output.entry +} + +FUNCTION {inbook} +{ output.bibitem + output.list.label % write author or surrogate label + output.year + output.title.quoted + author.or.editor.check + chapter.or.pages.check + title "title" required + publisher "publisher" required + year "year" required + format.booktitle ", " + format.editors.secondary join " " + format.book.vol.series.ed join ", " + format.chapter.pages join ". " + format.address.publisher join ". " + format.note join + output.entry +} + +FUNCTION {incollection} +{ output.bibitem + output.list.label % write author or surrogate label + output.year + output.title.quoted + "In " format.booktitle * ". " * output + author "author" required + title "title" required + booktitle "booktitle" required + publisher "publisher" required + year "year" required + format.book.vol.series.ed ", " + format.editors.secondary join ", " + format.chapter.pages join ". " + format.address.publisher join ". " + format.note join + output.entry +} + +FUNCTION {inproceedings} +{ output.bibitem + output.list.label % write author or surrogate label + output.year + output.title.quoted + author "author" required + title "title" required + booktitle "booktitle" required + year "year" required + format.book.vol.series.ed ", " + format.pages join ", " + format.organization.presented join ". " + format.address.publisher join ". " + format.note join + output.entry +} + +FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings } + +FUNCTION {manual} +{ output.bibitem + output.list.label % write author or surrogate label + title "title" required + year empty$ + { skip$ } + { output.year } + if$ + author empty$ + { skip$ } + { output.title.quoted } + if$ + format.edition ", " + format.address.only join ", " + format.organization join ", " +% format.month join ", " + format.note join + output.entry +} + +FUNCTION {mastersthesis} +{ output.bibitem + output.list.label % write author or surrogate label + output.year + output.title.quoted + author "author" required + title "title" required + school "school" required + year "year" required + format.masters " " + format.school join ", " + format.address.only join ", " +% format.month join ", " + format.note join + output.entry +} + +FUNCTION {misc} +{ output.bibitem + output.list.label % write author or surrogate label + output.year + author empty$ + { skip$ } + { output.title.quoted } + if$ + format.howpublished ", " +% format.month join ". " + format.note join + output.entry +} + +FUNCTION {phdthesis} +{ output.bibitem + output.list.label % write author or surrogate label + output.year + output.title.quoted + author "author" required + title "title" required + school "school" required + year "year" required + format.phd " " + format.school join ", " + format.address.only join ", " +% format.month join ". " + format.note join + output.entry +} + +FUNCTION {proceedings} +{ output.bibitem + output.list.label % write author or surrogate label + output.year + title "title" required + year "year" required + editor empty$ organization empty$ and + { skip$ } + { output.title.quoted } + if$ + editor empty$ + { "" "" } + { format.organization ", " } + if$ + format.address.publisher join ", " + format.note join + output.entry +} + +FUNCTION {techreport} +{ output.bibitem + output.list.label % write author or surrogate label + output.year + output.title.quoted + author "author" required + title "title" required + institution "institution" required + year "year" required + format.institution " " + format.type join " " + format.number join ", " +% format.month join ", " + format.address.publisher join ". " + format.note join + output.entry +} + +FUNCTION {unpublished} +{ output.bibitem + output.list.label % write author or surrogate label + year empty$ + { skip$ } + { output.year } + if$ + output.title.quoted + author "author" required + title "title" required + note "note" required + format.note + output.entry +} + + +FUNCTION {default.type} { misc } + +MACRO {jan} {"January"} + +MACRO {feb} {"February"} + +MACRO {mar} {"March"} + +MACRO {apr} {"April"} + +MACRO {may} {"May"} + +MACRO {jun} {"June"} + +MACRO {jul} {"July"} + +MACRO {aug} {"August"} + +MACRO {sep} {"September"} + +MACRO {oct} {"October"} + +MACRO {nov} {"November"} + +MACRO {dec} {"December"} + +READ + +EXECUTE {init.field.constants} + +FUNCTION {sortify} +{ purify$ + "l" change.case$ +} + +FUNCTION {sortify.names} +{ " \harvardand\ " " " replace.substring + " et~al." " zzz" replace.substring + sortify +} + +FUNCTION {author.key.label} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { title.field 'field.used := } + { key.field 'field.used := } + if$ + } + { author.field 'field.used := } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.editor.key.label} +{ author empty$ + { editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { title.field 'field.used := } + { key.field 'field.used := } + if$ + } + { editor.field 'field.used := } + if$ + } + { author.field 'field.used := } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {author.key.organization.label} +{ author empty$ + { key empty$ + { organization empty$ + { title.field 'field.used := } + { organization.field 'field.used := } + if$ + } + { key.field 'field.used := } + if$ + } + { author.field 'field.used := } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {editor.key.organization.label} +{ editor empty$ + { key empty$ + { organization empty$ + { title.field 'field.used := } + { organization.field 'field.used := } + if$ + } + { key.field 'field.used := } + if$ + } + { editor.field 'field.used := } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {sort.format.title} +{ 't := + "A " #2 + "An " #3 + "The " #4 t chop.word + chop.word + chop.word + sortify + #1 global.max$ substring$ +} + +FUNCTION {calc.label} +{ make.label.short + title.field field.used = + { sort.format.title } + { sortify.names } + if$ + year field.or.null purify$ #-1 #4 substring$ sortify + * + 'sort.label := +} + +FUNCTION {preliminaries} +{ type$ "book" = + type$ "inbook" = + or + 'author.editor.key.label + { type$ "proceedings" = + 'editor.key.organization.label + { type$ "manual" = + 'author.key.organization.label + 'author.key.label + if$ + } + if$ + } + if$ + author.field field.used = + { + author num.names$ #2 > + { #1 } + { #0 } + if$ + 'etal.required := + } + { + editor.field field.used = + { + editor num.names$ #2 > + { #1 } + { #0 } + if$ + } + { #0 } + if$ + 'etal.required := + } + if$ + #1 'etal.allowed := +} + +FUNCTION {first.presort} +{ calc.label + sort.label + title.field field.used = + { skip$ } + { " " + * + make.list.label sortify.names + * + " " + * + title field.or.null + sort.format.title + * + } + if$ + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.key$ := +} + +ITERATE {preliminaries} + +ITERATE {first.presort} + +SORT + +STRINGS { last.sort.label next.extra last.full.label} + +INTEGERS { last.extra.num last.etal.allowed} + +FUNCTION {initialize.confusion} +{ #0 int.to.chr$ 'last.sort.label := + #0 int.to.chr$ 'last.full.label := + #1 'last.etal.allowed := +} + +FUNCTION {confusion.pass} +{ last.sort.label sort.label = + { last.etal.allowed + { last.full.label make.label.full sortify.names = + { skip$ } + { #0 'etal.allowed := + #0 'last.etal.allowed := + } + if$ + } + { #0 'etal.allowed := } + if$ + } + { sort.label 'last.sort.label := + make.label.full sortify.names 'last.full.label := + #1 'last.etal.allowed := + } + if$ +} + +EXECUTE {initialize.confusion} + +ITERATE {confusion.pass} + +EXECUTE {initialize.confusion} + +REVERSE {confusion.pass} + +FUNCTION {initialize.last.extra.num} +{ #0 int.to.chr$ 'last.sort.label := + "" 'next.extra := + #0 'last.extra.num := +} + +FUNCTION {forward.pass} +{ last.sort.label sort.label = + { last.extra.num #1 + 'last.extra.num := + last.extra.num int.to.chr$ 'extra.label := + } + { "a" chr.to.int$ 'last.extra.num := + "" 'extra.label := + sort.label 'last.sort.label := + } + if$ +} + +FUNCTION {reverse.pass} +{ next.extra "b" = + { "a" 'extra.label := } + 'skip$ + if$ + year empty$ + { "n.d." extra.label emphasize * 'list.year := } + { year extra.label emphasize * 'list.year := } + if$ + extra.label 'next.extra := +} + +ITERATE {first.presort} + +SORT + +EXECUTE {initialize.last.extra.num} + +ITERATE {forward.pass} + +REVERSE {reverse.pass} + +FUNCTION {second.presort} +{ make.list.label + title.field field.used = + { sort.format.title } + { sortify.names } + if$ + " " + * + list.year field.or.null sortify + * + " " + * + title.field field.used = + { skip$ } + { title field.or.null + sort.format.title + * + } + if$ + #1 entry.max$ substring$ + 'sort.key$ := +} + +ITERATE {second.presort} + +SORT + +FUNCTION {begin.bib} +{ newline$ newline$ "% Bibstyle aea.bst version 2009.05.20" write$ newline$ newline$ + preamble$ empty$ + 'skip$ + { "\harvardpreambledefs{%" write$ newline$ + preamble$ write$ "}" write$ newline$ + "\harvardpreambletext{%" write$ newline$ + preamble$ write$ "}" write$ newline$ } + if$ + "\begin{thebibliography}{xx}" write$ newline$ +} + +EXECUTE {begin.bib} + +ITERATE {call.type$} + +FUNCTION {end.bib} +{ newline$ + "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$ +} + +EXECUTE {end.bib} + diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/baseline-eps-converted-to.pdf b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/baseline-eps-converted-to.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c3cf1d1ed806094063fba0478184672075cca9a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/baseline-eps-converted-to.pdf @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version 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cos mul add 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul add 2 copy +pop pop pop pop +S showpage +%%EOF diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/collinsdata.tex b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/collinsdata.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..48fe439fdbaa7e1475d9e65a7039514b4a5830ef --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/collinsdata.tex @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ +\def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} +\begin{tabular}{l*{7}{c}} +\hline\hline + &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(1)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(2)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(3)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(4)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(5)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(6)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(7)}\\ +\makecell[l]{Out-Migrants vs.\\Stayers}&\makecell{Earnings\\1928}&\makecell{Earnings\\1960}& Age&\makecell{Own\\Home}& School& Literate& Employed\\ +\hline +\makecell[l]{Black lynching rate*\\Outmigrant Status}& -0.008& -0.006& 0.195& -0.008& 0.003& 0.014& 0.003\\ + & (0.007)& (0.009)& (0.169)& (0.005)& (0.008)& (0.007)& (0.007)\\ +Outmigrant & 0.053& 0.075& -2.254& 0.097& -0.041& -0.054& 0.081\\ + & (0.030)& (0.042)& (0.744)& (0.031)& (0.042)& (0.033)& (0.036)\\ +Black lynching rate & 0.003& 0.007& -0.063& 0.006& 0.004& -0.004& 0.001\\ + & (0.005)& (0.006)& (0.080)& (0.003)& (0.005)& (0.003)& (0.005)\\ +Historical Controls & Yes& Yes& Yes& Yes& Yes& Yes& Yes\\ +State Fixed Effects & Yes& Yes& Yes& Yes& Yes& Yes& Yes\\ +\hline +\# of observations & 1,178& 895& 2,043& 2,043& 1,355& 2,043& 1,200\\ +R-Squared & 0.126& 0.166& 0.022& 0.019& 0.025& 0.008& 0.031\\ +\hline\hline +\end{tabular} +} diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/denominator.tex b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/denominator.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d7beb5d879018016a2e60d2c25f8cfa33be28b1a --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/denominator.tex @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +{ +\def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} +\begin{tabular}{l*{3}{c}} +\hline\hline + &\multicolumn{3}{c}{\makecell{Black Voter\\Registration Rate}}\\ + & (1)& (2)& (3)\\ +\hline +Black lynching rate (in 1910)& -0.416& & \\ + & (0.099)& & \\ +Black lynching rate (in 1920)& & -0.086& \\ + & & (0.034)& \\ +Black lynching rate (in 1930)& & & -0.040\\ + & & & (0.020)\\ +Historical Controls & Yes& Yes& Yes\\ +State Fixed Effects & Yes& Yes& Yes\\ +\hline +\# of counties & 267& 267& 267\\ +R-Squared & 0.560& 0.540& 0.536\\ +\hline\hline +\end{tabular} +} diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/falsifications.tex b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/falsifications.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5382d3dc5571e82a400ec920f073b6fa3ccd4ec6 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/falsifications.tex @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +{ +\def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} +\begin{tabular}{l*{4}{c}} 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+28413 16226 SPl +28500 16262 SPl +28586 16299 SPl +28673 16335 SPl +28759 16371 SPl +28846 16407 SPl +28932 16444 SPl +29019 16480 SPl +29105 16516 SPl +29192 16553 SPl +29278 16589 SPl +29365 16625 SPl +29451 16662 SPl +29538 16698 SPl +Sepa +/Slw 0.576 def +/Slrgb {0.000 0.000 0.000} def +3158 3158 3158 22457 Sln +3158 4814 2835 4814 Sln +2431 4814 0 +/Helvetica-0 findfont 808 yratio mul scalefont setfont +(2) stringwidth pop add +2 div xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 90.000 cos mul sub 3 1 roll 90.000 sin mul sub 2 copy +/fntsize {/Helvetica-0 findfont exch scalefont setfont } def +90.000 808 +(2) Stxtl +(2) stringwidth pop xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 90.000 cos mul add 3 1 roll 90.000 sin mul add 2 copy +pop pop pop pop +3158 8121 2835 8121 Sln +2431 8121 0 +/Helvetica-0 findfont 808 yratio mul scalefont setfont +(4) stringwidth pop add +2 div xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 90.000 cos mul sub 3 1 roll 90.000 sin mul sub 2 copy +/fntsize {/Helvetica-0 findfont exch scalefont setfont } def +90.000 808 +(4) Stxtl +(4) stringwidth pop xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 90.000 cos mul add 3 1 roll 90.000 sin mul add 2 copy +pop pop pop pop +3158 11429 2835 11429 Sln +2431 11429 0 +/Helvetica-0 findfont 808 yratio mul scalefont setfont +(6) stringwidth pop add +2 div xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 90.000 cos mul sub 3 1 roll 90.000 sin mul sub 2 copy +/fntsize {/Helvetica-0 findfont exch scalefont setfont } def +90.000 808 +(6) Stxtl +(6) stringwidth pop xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 90.000 cos mul add 3 1 roll 90.000 sin mul add 2 copy +pop pop pop pop +3158 14736 2835 14736 Sln +2431 14736 0 +/Helvetica-0 findfont 808 yratio mul scalefont setfont +(8) stringwidth pop add +2 div xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 90.000 cos mul sub 3 1 roll 90.000 sin mul sub 2 copy +/fntsize {/Helvetica-0 findfont exch scalefont setfont } def +90.000 808 +(8) Stxtl +(8) stringwidth pop xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 90.000 cos mul add 3 1 roll 90.000 sin mul add 2 copy +pop pop pop pop +3158 18044 2835 18044 Sln +2431 18044 0 +/Helvetica-0 findfont 808 yratio mul scalefont setfont +(10) stringwidth pop add +2 div xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 90.000 cos mul sub 3 1 roll 90.000 sin mul sub 2 copy +/fntsize {/Helvetica-0 findfont exch scalefont setfont } def +90.000 808 +(10) Stxtl +(10) stringwidth pop xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 90.000 cos mul add 3 1 roll 90.000 sin mul add 2 copy +pop pop pop pop +3158 21351 2835 21351 Sln +2431 21351 0 +/Helvetica-0 findfont 808 yratio mul scalefont setfont +(12) stringwidth pop add +2 div xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 90.000 cos mul sub 3 1 roll 90.000 sin mul sub 2 copy +/fntsize {/Helvetica-0 findfont exch scalefont setfont } def +90.000 808 +(12) Stxtl +(12) stringwidth pop xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 90.000 cos mul add 3 1 roll 90.000 sin mul add 2 copy +pop pop pop pop +1542 12808 0 +/Helvetica-0 findfont 808 yratio mul scalefont setfont +(Black lynching rate) stringwidth pop add +2 div xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 90.000 cos mul sub 3 1 roll 90.000 sin mul sub 2 copy +/fntsize {/Helvetica-0 findfont exch scalefont setfont } def +90.000 808 +(Black lynching rate) Stxtl +(Black lynching rate) stringwidth pop xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 90.000 cos mul add 3 1 roll 90.000 sin mul add 2 copy +pop pop pop pop +3158 3158 31184 3158 Sln +4290 3158 4290 2835 Sln +4290 2107 0 +/Helvetica-0 findfont 808 yratio mul scalefont setfont +(10) stringwidth pop add +2 div xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul sub 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul sub 2 copy +/fntsize {/Helvetica-0 findfont exch scalefont setfont } def +0.000 808 +(10) Stxtl +(10) stringwidth pop xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul add 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul add 2 copy +pop pop pop pop +9566 3158 9566 2835 Sln +9566 2107 0 +/Helvetica-0 findfont 808 yratio mul scalefont setfont +(15) stringwidth pop add +2 div xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul sub 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul sub 2 copy +/fntsize {/Helvetica-0 findfont exch scalefont setfont } def +0.000 808 +(15) Stxtl +(15) stringwidth pop xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul add 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul add 2 copy +pop pop pop pop +14843 3158 14843 2835 Sln +14843 2107 0 +/Helvetica-0 findfont 808 yratio mul scalefont setfont +(20) stringwidth pop add +2 div xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul sub 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul sub 2 copy +/fntsize {/Helvetica-0 findfont exch scalefont setfont } def +0.000 808 +(20) Stxtl +(20) stringwidth pop xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul add 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul add 2 copy +pop pop pop pop +20119 3158 20119 2835 Sln +20119 2107 0 +/Helvetica-0 findfont 808 yratio mul scalefont setfont +(25) stringwidth pop add +2 div xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul sub 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul sub 2 copy +/fntsize {/Helvetica-0 findfont exch scalefont setfont } def +0.000 808 +(25) Stxtl +(25) stringwidth pop xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul add 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul add 2 copy +pop pop pop pop +25396 3158 25396 2835 Sln +25396 2107 0 +/Helvetica-0 findfont 808 yratio mul scalefont setfont +(30) stringwidth pop add +2 div xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul sub 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul sub 2 copy +/fntsize {/Helvetica-0 findfont exch scalefont setfont } def +0.000 808 +(30) Stxtl +(30) stringwidth pop xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul add 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul add 2 copy +pop pop pop pop +30672 3158 30672 2835 Sln +30672 2107 0 +/Helvetica-0 findfont 808 yratio mul scalefont setfont +(35) stringwidth pop add +2 div xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul sub 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul sub 2 copy +/fntsize {/Helvetica-0 findfont exch scalefont setfont } def +0.000 808 +(35) Stxtl +(35) stringwidth pop xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul add 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul add 2 copy +pop pop pop pop +17171 1218 0 +/Helvetica-0 findfont 808 yratio mul scalefont setfont +(Percentage of black registered voters) stringwidth pop add +2 div xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul sub 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul sub 2 copy +/fntsize {/Helvetica-0 findfont exch scalefont setfont } def +0.000 808 +(Percentage of black registered voters) Stxtl +(Percentage of black registered voters) stringwidth pop xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul add 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul add 2 copy +pop pop pop pop +S showpage +%%EOF diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/historicalreg.tex b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/historicalreg.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f6c00a28f624688ac571b3eeb57d45d6aa178da4 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/historicalreg.tex @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +{ +\def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} +\begin{tabular}{l*{1}{c}} +\hline\hline + &\multicolumn{1}{c}{Black lynching rate}\\ + & (1)\\ +\hline +Percentage of black registered voters in 1867 and 1868& 0.268\\ + & (0.106)\\ +Percentage of black residents in 1860& -0.099\\ + & (0.030)\\ +State Fixed Effects & Yes\\ +\hline +Number of observations& 375\\ +R-Squared & 0.170\\ +\hline\hline +\end{tabular} +} diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/lynchingphoto.jpg b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/lynchingphoto.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..92bac80d5651ff22eae0efbfde472902d28c1aac --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/lynchingphoto.jpg @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:caa1d3593dc4232ea6036159f5592da8c361bf9b120cec000b152e93e3dc3514 +size 41482 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/lynchmob.tex b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/lynchmob.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ddb7d7712654bbc0d6c8b656f83f4ca2d9ae6a6b --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/lynchmob.tex @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +{ +\def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} +\begin{tabular}{l*{5}{c}} +\hline\hline + &\multicolumn{5}{c}{\makecell{Black Voter\\Registration Rate}} \\ + & (1)& (2)& (3)& (4)& (5)\\ +\hline +Black lynching rate & -0.455& -0.448& -0.473& -0.491& -0.434\\ + & (0.143)& (0.145)& (0.144)& (0.136)& (0.133)\\ +\makecell[l]{Some college exp.\\or more of blacks}& 11.439& & & & 22.228\\ + & (6.884)& & & & (7.099)\\ +\makecell[l]{Monthly earnings\\of blacks}& & 0.003& & & 0.003\\ + & & (0.003)& & & (0.003)\\ +\makecell[l]{Incarceration rate\\of blacks\\(per 10k pop)}& & & -0.004& & -0.007\\ + & & & (0.004)& & (0.004)\\ +\makecell[l]{Polling place rate\\(per 10k pop)}& & & & 1.339& 1.712\\ + & & & & (0.243)& (0.252)\\ +Historical Controls & Yes& Yes& Yes& Yes& Yes\\ +State Fixed Effects & Yes& Yes& Yes& Yes& Yes\\ +\hline +\# of counties & 267& 267& 267& 267& 267\\ +R-Squared & 0.553& 0.550& 0.550& 0.597& 0.629\\ +\hline\hline +\end{tabular} +} diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/lynchmob2.tex b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/lynchmob2.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1afc32dce26b640a60b87d4096878f4f5cf9beee --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/lynchmob2.tex @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +{ +\def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} +\begin{tabular}{l*{6}{c}} +\hline\hline + &\multicolumn{6}{c}{Dependent Variable: Black Voter Registration Rate} \\ + & (1)& (2)& (3)& (4)& (5)& (6)\\ +\hline +Black lynching rate & -0.455& -0.448& -0.348& -0.473& -0.491& -0.340\\ + & (0.143)& (0.145)& (0.139)& (0.144)& (0.136)& (0.134)\\ +\makecell{Some college exp.\\or more of blacks}& 11.439& & & & & 22.055\\ + & (6.884)& & & & & (6.969)\\ +\makecell{Monthly earnings\\of blacks}& & 0.003& & & & 0.002\\ + & & (0.003)& & & & (0.003)\\ +\makecell{Republican party\\dominance\\(4-year lag)}& & & -0.191& & & -0.133\\ + & & & (0.038)& & & (0.041)\\ +\makecell{Incarceration rate\\of blacks\\(per 10k pop)}& & & & -0.004& & -0.006\\ + & & & & (0.004)& & (0.004)\\ +\makecell{Polling place rate\\(per 10k pop)}& & & & & 1.339& 1.313\\ + & & & & & (0.243)& (0.277)\\ +Historical Controls & Yes& Yes& Yes& Yes& Yes& Yes\\ +State Fixed Effects & Yes& Yes& Yes& Yes& Yes& Yes\\ +\hline +\# of counties & 267& 267& 267& 267& 267& 267\\ +R-Squared & 0.553& 0.550& 0.589& 0.550& 0.597& 0.644\\ +\hline\hline +\end{tabular} +} diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/multicol.sty b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/multicol.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6a27e7db9bb95ea3216ffad9ab57d3b90b919511 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/multicol.sty @@ -0,0 +1,853 @@ +%% +%% This is file `multicol.sty', +%% generated with the docstrip utility. +%% +%% The original source files were: +%% +%% multicol.dtx (with options: `package,badness,check,marktrace,nobalance,colbreak') +%% +%% This is a generated file. +%% +%% Copyright 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 +%% The LaTeX3 Project and any individual authors listed elsewhere +%% in this file. +%% +%% This file was generated from file(s) of the Standard LaTeX `Tools Bundle'. +%% -------------------------------------------------------------------------- +%% +%% It may be distributed and/or modified under the +%% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3 +%% of this license or (at your option) any later version. +%% The latest version of this license is in +%% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt +%% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX +%% version 2003/12/01 or later. +%% +%% This file may only be distributed together with a copy of the LaTeX +%% `Tools Bundle'. You may however distribute the LaTeX `Tools Bundle' +%% without such generated files. +%% +%% The list of all files belonging to the LaTeX `Tools Bundle' is +%% given in the file `manifest.txt'. +%% +%% Package `multicol' to use with LaTeX2e +%% Copyright 1989-2003 Frank Mittelbach +%% +%% In addition to the terms of LPPL any distributed version +%% (unchanged or modified) of multicol has to keep the statement +%% about the moral obligation for using multicol. In case of major +%% changes where this would not be appropriate the author of the +%% changed version should contact the copyright holder. +%% +%% +%% Moral obligation for using multicol: +%% ------------------------------------ +%% +%% Users of multicol who wish to include or use multicol or a modified +%% version in a proprietary and commercially market product are asked +%% under certain conditions (see below) for the payment of a license +%% fee. The size of this fee is to be determined, in each instance, +%% by the commercial user, depending on his/her judgment of the value of +%% multicol for his/her product. +%% +%% +%% The conditions for this are as follows: +%% +%% The producer of a proprietary and commercially market product +%% that involves typesetting using multicol is asked to determine +%% the value of a license fee for using multicol if +%% +%% - the product is a document and the producer has decided to +%% include multicol to typeset (parts of) the document or has +%% directed the author of the document to include multicol (for +%% example, by providing a class file to be used by the author) +%% +%% - the product is a LaTeX class or package that includes multicol +%% +%% +%% There is no moral obligation in case +%% +%% - the product is a document but producer has not directed +%% the author to include multicol (in that case the moral obligation +%% lies with the author of the document) +%% +%% - the product does not involve typesetting, e.g., consists, for +%% example, of distributing multicol and its documentation. +%% +%% - the product is not proprietary, i.e., is made available as free +%% software itself (which doesn't prohibit its commercial marketing) +%% +%% - multicol is used for non-commercial purposes +%% +%% +%% Determinating a license fee might result in a license fee of zero +%% (i.e., no payment) in case a producer has determined that the use +%% of multicol has no enhancing effect on the product. This is a +%% plausible scenario, i.e., in the above two cases the producer is +%% only asked to evaluate the value of multicol for the product +%% not for the payment of a license fee per se (which might or might +%% not follow from this evaluation). +%% +%% The license fee, if any, can be payed either to the LaTeX3 fund +%% (see ltx3info.txt in the base LaTeX distribution) or to the author of +%% the program who can be contacted at +%% +%% Frank.Mittelbach@latex-project.org +%% +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1997/12/01] +\ProvidesPackage{multicol} + [2004/02/14 v1.6e multicolumn formatting (FMi)] +%% \CheckSum{1561} +%% \CharacterTable +%% {Upper-case \A\B\C\D\E\F\G\H\I\J\K\L\M\N\O\P\Q\R\S\T\U\V\W\X\Y\Z +%% Lower-case \a\b\c\d\e\f\g\h\i\j\k\l\m\n\o\p\q\r\s\t\u\v\w\x\y\z +%% Digits \0\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8\9 +%% Exclamation \! Double quote \" Hash (number) \# +%% Dollar \$ Percent \% Ampersand \& +%% Acute accent \' Left paren \( Right paren \) +%% Asterisk \* Plus \+ Comma \, +%% Minus \- Point \. Solidus \/ +%% Colon \: Semicolon \; Less than \< +%% Equals \= Greater than \> Question mark \? +%% Commercial at \@ Left bracket \[ Backslash \\ +%% Right bracket \] Circumflex \^ Underscore \_ +%% Grave accent \` Left brace \{ Vertical bar \| +%% Right brace \} Tilde \~} +%% +\DeclareOption{twocolumn} + {\PackageWarning{multicol}{May not work + with the twocolumn option}} +\newcount\c@tracingmulticols +\DeclareOption{errorshow} + {\c@tracingmulticols\z@} +\DeclareOption{infoshow} + {\c@tracingmulticols\@ne} +\DeclareOption{balancingshow} + {\c@tracingmulticols\tw@} +\DeclareOption{markshow} + {\c@tracingmulticols\thr@@} +\DeclareOption{debugshow} + {\c@tracingmulticols5\relax} +\let\mc@gridwarn\maxdimen +\DeclareOption{grid}{\def\mc@gridwarn{\maxdepth}} +\ProcessOptions +\def\multicols#1{\col@number#1\relax + \ifnum\col@number<\tw@ + \PackageWarning{multicol}% + {Using `\number\col@number' + columns doesn't seem a good idea.^^J + I therefore use two columns instead}% + \col@number\tw@ \fi + \ifnum\col@number>10 + \PackageError{multicol}% + {Too many columns}% + {Current implementation doesn't + support more than 10 columns.% + \MessageBreak + I therefore use 10 columns instead}% + \col@number10 \fi + \ifx\@footnotetext\mult@footnotetext\else + \let\orig@footnotetext\@footnotetext + \let\@footnotetext\mult@footnotetext + \fi + \@ifnextchar[\mult@cols{\mult@cols[]}} +\long\def\mult@footnotetext#1{\begingroup + \columnwidth\textwidth + \orig@footnotetext{#1}\endgroup} +\def\mult@cols[#1]{\@ifnextchar[% + {\mult@@cols{#1}}% + {\mult@@cols{#1}[\premulticols]}} +\def\mult@@cols#1[#2]{% + \par + \ifinner \@boxedmulticolstrue + \else + \ifnum \doublecol@number>\z@ + \@boxedmulticolstrue + \fi + \fi + \mult@info\z@ + {Starting environment with + \the\col@number\space columns% + \if@boxedmulticols\MessageBreak + (boxed mode)\fi + }% + \enough@room{#2}% + #1\par\addvspace\multicolsep + \ifdim \prevdepth = -\@m\p@ + \else + \@tempcnta\prevdepth + \@tempcntb\baselineskip + \divide\@tempcnta\@tempcntb + \advance\@tempcnta\@ne + \dimen@\prevdepth + \advance\dimen@ -\@tempcnta\baselineskip + \advance\dimen@ \topskip + \kern-\dimen@ + \fi + \begingroup + \prepare@multicols + \if@boxedmulticols + \setbox\mult@box\vbox\bgroup + \fi + \ignorespaces} +\newif\if@boxedmulticols +\@boxedmulticolsfalse +\newbox\mult@box +\def\enough@room#1{% + \if@boxedmulticols\else + \par + \bgroup\@nobreakfalse\addpenalty\z@\egroup + \page@free \pagegoal + \advance \page@free -\pagetotal + \@tempskipa#1\relax + \mult@info\z@ + {Current page:\MessageBreak + height=% + \the\pagegoal: used \the\pagetotal + \space -> free=\the\page@free + \MessageBreak + needed \the\@tempskipa + \space(for #1)}% + \ifdim \page@free <#1\newpage \fi + \fi} +\def\prepare@multicols{% + \multicol@leftmargin\@totalleftmargin + \@totalleftmargin\z@ + \parshape\z@ + \doublecol@number\col@number + \multiply\doublecol@number\tw@ + \advance\doublecol@number\mult@rightbox + \if@boxedmulticols + \let\l@kept@firstmark\kept@firstmark + \let\l@kept@botmark\kept@botmark + \global\let\kept@firstmark\@empty + \global\let\kept@botmark\@empty + \else + \nointerlineskip {\topskip\z@\null}% + \output{% + \global\setbox\partial@page\vbox + {% + \ifvoid\partial@page\else + \PackageError{multicol}% + {Error saving partial page}% + {The part of the page before + the multicols environment was + nearly full with^^Jthe result + that starting the environment + will produce an overfull + page. Some^^Jtext may be lost! + Please increase \premulticols + either generally or for this% + ^^Jenvironment by specifying a + suitable value in the second + optional argument to^^Jthe + multicols environment.} + \unvbox\partial@page + \box\last@line + \fi + \unvbox\@cclv + \global\setbox\last@line\lastbox + }% + \prep@keptmarks + \global\let\kept@topmark\firstmark + }\eject + \advance\@colroom-\ht\partial@page + \set@mult@vsize\relax + \output{\multi@column@out}% + \init@mult@footins + \reinsert@footnotes + \fi + \vbadness\@Mi \hbadness5000 + \tolerance\multicoltolerance + \pretolerance\multicolpretolerance + \setemergencystretch\col@number\hsize + \set@floatcmds + \advance\baselineskip\multicolbaselineskip + \hsize\linewidth \advance\hsize\columnsep + \advance\hsize-\col@number\columnsep + \divide\hsize\col@number + \full@width\linewidth + \linewidth\hsize + \columnwidth\hsize +} +\def\init@mult@footins{% + \multiply\count\footins\col@number + \multiply\skip \footins\col@number +} +\def\set@mult@vsize#1{% + \vsize\@colroom + \@tempdima\baselineskip + \advance\@tempdima-\topskip + \advance\vsize\@tempdima + \vsize\col@number\vsize + \advance\vsize-\@tempdima + \advance\vsize\col@number\baselineskip + #1\advance\vsize + \c@collectmore\baselineskip} +\newdimen\multicol@leftmargin +\def\endmulticols{\par + \if@boxedmulticols + \egroup + \balance@columns + \return@nonemptymark{first}% + \kept@firstmark + \return@nonemptymark{bot}% + \kept@botmark + \page@sofar + \global\let\kept@firstmark + \l@kept@firstmark + \global\let\kept@botmark + \l@kept@botmark + \mult@info\tw@ + {Restore kept marks to\MessageBreak + first: \meaning\kept@firstmark + \MessageBreak bot\space\space: + \meaning\kept@botmark }% + \else + \ifdim\pagegoal=\maxdimen + \ifvoid\colbreak@box\else + \mult@info\@ne{Re-adding forced + break(s) for splitting}% + \unvbox\colbreak@box\fi + \fi + \penalty\z@ + \prevdepth\z@ + \output{\balance@columns@out}\eject + \ifvbox\partial@page + \unvbox\partial@page\fi + \global\let\kept@firstmark\@empty + \global\let\kept@botmark\@empty + \mult@info\tw@ + {Make kept marks empty}% + \fi + \@checkend{multicols}% + \endgroup + \global\c@unbalance\z@ + \if@boxedmulticols\else + \reinsert@footnotes + \ifdim \pagegoal=\maxdimen + \global\vsize\@colroom + \else + \enough@room\postmulticols + \fi + \fi + \addvspace\multicolsep + \mult@info\z@ + {Ending environment + \if@boxedmulticols + \space(boxed mode)\fi + }} +\newcount\c@unbalance +\newcount\c@collectmore +\newcount\doublecol@number +\newcount\multicoltolerance +\newcount\multicolpretolerance +\newdimen\full@width +\newdimen\page@free +\newdimen\premulticols +\newdimen\postmulticols +\newskip\multicolsep +\newskip\multicolbaselineskip +\newbox\partial@page +\newbox\last@line +\c@unbalance = 0 +\c@collectmore = 0 +\col@number = 1 +\multicoltolerance = 9999 +\multicolpretolerance = -1 +\premulticols = 50pt +\postmulticols= 20pt +\multicolsep = 12pt plus 4pt minus 3pt +\multicolbaselineskip=0pt +\def\process@cols#1#2{\count@#1\relax + \loop + #2% + \advance\count@\tw@ + \ifnum\count@<\doublecol@number + \repeat} +\def\page@sofar{% + \process@cols\mult@rightbox + {\ifvoid\count@ + \setbox\count@\hbox to\hsize{}% + \else + \wd\count@\hsize + \fi}% + \count@\col@number \advance\count@\m@ne + \mult@info\z@ + {Column spec: \the\full@width\space = indent + + columns + sep =\MessageBreak + \the\multicol@leftmargin\space + + \the\col@number\space + x \the\hsize\space + + \the\count@\space + x \the\columnsep + }% +\ifvmode\else\errmessage{Multicol Error}\fi + \nointerlineskip + \setbox\z@\hbox{p}\global\dimen\tw@\dp\z@ + \moveright\multicol@leftmargin + \hbox to\full@width{% + \process@cols\mult@gfirstbox{% + \ifdim\dp\count@>\dimen\tw@ + \global\dimen\tw@\dp\count@ \fi + \box\count@ + \hss{\normalcolor\vrule + \@width\columnseprule}\hss}% + \ifdim\dp\mult@rightbox>\dimen\tw@ + \global\dimen\tw@\dp\mult@rightbox \fi + \box\mult@rightbox + \rlap{\phantom p}% + }% + \kern-\dimen\tw@ + \ifdim\dimen\tw@ = \mc@gridwarn + \PackageWarning{multicol}% + {Very deep columns!\MessageBreak + Grid alignment might be broken}% + \fi +} +\def\reinsert@footnotes{\ifvoid\footins\else + \insert\footins{}\fi} +\def\multi@column@out{% + \ifnum\outputpenalty <-\@M + \speci@ls \else + \ifvoid\colbreak@box\else + \mult@info\@ne{Re-adding forced + break(s) for splitting}% + \setbox\@cclv\vbox{% + \unvbox\colbreak@box + \penalty-\@Mv\unvbox\@cclv}% + \fi + \splittopskip\topskip + \splitmaxdepth\maxdepth + \dimen@\@colroom + \divide\skip\footins\col@number + \ifvoid\footins \else + \leave@mult@footins + \fi + \process@cols\mult@gfirstbox{% + \setbox\count@ + \vsplit\@cclv to\dimen@ + \set@keptmarks + \ifshr@nking + \setbox\count@ + \vbox to\dimen@ + {\unvbox\count@\vfill}% + \fi + }% + \setbox\mult@rightbox + \vsplit\@cclv to\dimen@ + \set@keptmarks + \ifshr@nking + \setbox\mult@rightbox\vbox to\dimen@ + {\unvbox\mult@rightbox\vfill}% + \fi + \ifvoid\@cclv \else + \unvbox\@cclv + \penalty\outputpenalty + \ifvoid\footins\else + \PackageWarning{multicol}% + {I moved some lines to + the next page.\MessageBreak + Footnotes on page + \thepage\space might be wrong}% + \fi + \ifnum \c@tracingmulticols>\thr@@ + \hrule\allowbreak \fi + \fi + \ifx\@empty\kept@firstmark + \let\firstmark\kept@topmark + \let\botmark\kept@topmark + \else + \let\firstmark\kept@firstmark + \let\botmark\kept@botmark + \fi + \let\topmark\kept@topmark + \mult@info\tw@ + {Use kept top mark:\MessageBreak + \meaning\kept@topmark + \MessageBreak + Use kept first mark:\MessageBreak + \meaning\kept@firstmark + \MessageBreak + Use kept bot mark:\MessageBreak + \meaning\kept@botmark + \MessageBreak + Produce first mark:\MessageBreak + \meaning\firstmark + \MessageBreak + Produce bot mark:\MessageBreak + \meaning\botmark + \@gobbletwo}% + \setbox\@cclv\vbox{\unvbox\partial@page + \page@sofar}% + \@makecol\@outputpage + \global\let\kept@topmark\botmark + \global\let\kept@firstmark\@empty + \global\let\kept@botmark\@empty + \mult@info\tw@ + {(Re)Init top mark:\MessageBreak + \meaning\kept@topmark + \@gobbletwo}% + \global\@colroom\@colht + \process@deferreds + \@whilesw\if@fcolmade\fi{\@outputpage + \global\@colroom\@colht + \process@deferreds}% + \mult@info\@ne + {Colroom:\MessageBreak + \the\@colht\space + after float space removed + = \the\@colroom \@gobble}% + \set@mult@vsize \global + \fi} +\def\leave@mult@footins{% + \advance\dimen@-\skip\footins + \advance\dimen@-\ht\footins +} +\def\speci@ls{% + \ifnum\outputpenalty <-\@Mi + \ifnum \outputpenalty<-\@MM + \PackageError{multicol}{Document end + inside multicols environment}\@ehd + \@specialoutput + \else + \ifnum\outputpenalty = -\@Mv + \mult@info\@ne{Forced column + break seen}% + \global\advance\vsize-\pagetotal + \global\setbox\colbreak@box + \vbox{\ifvoid\colbreak@box + \else + \unvbox\colbreak@box + \penalty-\@Mv + \fi + \unvbox\@cclv} + \reinsert@footnotes + \else + \PackageWarningNoLine{multicol}% + {Floats and marginpars not + allowed inside `multicols' + environment!} + \unvbox\@cclv\reinsert@footnotes + \xdef\@freelist{\@freelist\@currlist}% + \gdef\@currlist{}% + \fi + \fi + \else \@doclearpage \fi +} +\def\process@deferreds{% + \@floatplacement + \@tryfcolumn\@deferlist + \if@fcolmade\else + \begingroup + \let\@tempb\@deferlist + \gdef\@deferlist{}% + \let\@elt\@scolelt + \@tempb \endgroup + \fi} +\newif\ifshr@nking +\def\raggedcolumns{% + \@bsphack\shr@nkingtrue\@esphack} +\def\flushcolumns{% + \@bsphack\shr@nkingfalse\@esphack} +\def\balance@columns@out{% + \setbox\mult@box\vbox{% + \ifvoid\colbreak@box\else + \unvbox\colbreak@box\break + \mult@info\@ne{Re-adding + forced break(s) in balancing}% + \fi + \unvbox\@cclv}% + \balance@columns + \global\vsize\@colroom + \global\advance\vsize\ht\partial@page + \unvbox\partial@page + \return@nonemptymark{first}\kept@firstmark + \return@nonemptymark{bot}\kept@botmark + \page@sofar + \penalty\z@ +} +\def\balance@columns{% + \get@keptmarks\mult@box + \setbox\mult@box\vbox{% + \penalty-\@M + \unvbox\mult@box + \remove@discardable@items + }% + \@tempdima\topskip + \splittopskip\@tempdima + \@plus\multicolundershoot + \@minus\multicolovershoot + \splitmaxdepth\maxdepth + \setbox\@tempboxa\vsplit\mult@box to\z@ + \@tempdima\ht\mult@box + \advance\@tempdima\dp\mult@box + \divide\@tempdima\col@number + \count@\@tempdima + \divide\count@\baselineskip + \dimen@\count@\baselineskip + \advance\dimen@\topskip + \ifdim \dimen@ >\@tempdima + \advance\dimen@-\baselineskip + \fi + \advance\dimen@\c@unbalance\baselineskip + \mult@info\@ne + {Balance columns\on@line: + \ifnum\c@unbalance=\z@\else + (off balance=\number\c@unbalance)\fi + \@gobbletwo}% + \ifnum\dimen@<\topskip + \mult@info\@ne + {Start value + \the\dimen@ \space -> + \the\topskip \space (corrected)}% + \dimen@\topskip + \fi + \vbadness\@M + \vfuzz \col@number\baselineskip + \last@try-\p@ + \loop + {\process@cols\mult@grightbox + {\global\setbox\count@ + \box\voidb@x}}% + \global\setbox\mult@grightbox + \copy\mult@box + \global\too@badfalse + {\process@cols\mult@firstbox{% + \global\setbox\count@ + \vsplit\mult@grightbox to\dimen@ + \ifnum\c@tracingmulticols>\@ne + \@tempcnta\count@ + \advance\@tempcnta-\mult@grightbox + \divide\@tempcnta \tw@ + \message{^^JColumn + \number\@tempcnta\space + badness: \the\badness\space}% + \fi + \ifnum\badness>\c@columnbadness + \ifnum\c@tracingmulticols>\@ne + \message{too bad + (>\the\c@columnbadness)}% + \fi + \global\too@badtrue + \fi + }}% + \boxmaxdepth\maxdepth + \global\setbox\mult@grightbox + \vbox{\unvbox\mult@grightbox}% + \setbox\mult@nat@firstbox + \vbox{\unvcopy\mult@firstbox}% + \ifnum\c@tracingmulticols>\@ne + \message{^^JFirst column + = \the\dimen@\space + (\the\ht\mult@nat@firstbox)}\fi + \ifnum\c@tracingmulticols>\@ne + \message{<> last column = + \the\ht\mult@grightbox^^J}% + \fi + \ifdim\ht\mult@grightbox >\dimen@ + \too@badtrue + \ifnum\c@tracingmulticols>\@ne + \typeout{Rejected: last + column too large!}% + \fi + \else + \setbox\@tempboxa + \copy\mult@grightbox + \setbox\z@\vsplit\@tempboxa to\maxdimen + \ifvoid\@tempboxa + \global\setbox\mult@grightbox + \vbox to\dimen@ + {\unvbox\mult@grightbox}% + \ifnum\c@tracingmulticols>\@ne + \message{Final badness: + \the\badness}% + \fi + \ifnum\badness>\c@finalcolumnbadness + \global\setbox\mult@grightbox + \vbox to\dimen@ + {\unvbox\mult@grightbox\vfill}% + \ifnum\c@tracingmulticols>\@ne + \message{ setting natural + (> \the\c@finalcolumnbadness)}% + \fi + \fi + \else + \too@badtrue + \ifnum\c@tracingmulticols>\@ne + \typeout{Rejected: unprocessed + forced break(s) in last column!}% + \fi + \fi + \fi + \ifdim\ht\mult@nat@firstbox<\dimen@ + \ifdim\ht\mult@nat@firstbox>\last@try + \too@badtrue + \ifnum\c@tracingmulticols>\@ne + \typeout{Retry: using natural + height of first column!}% + \fi + \dimen@\ht\mult@nat@firstbox + \last@try\dimen@ + \advance\dimen@-\p@ + \fi + \fi + \iftoo@bad + \advance\dimen@\p@ + \repeat + \if@boxedmulticols\else + \ifdim\dimen@>\@colroom + \dimen@\@colroom + \fi + \fi + \process@cols\mult@rightbox + {\@tempcnta\count@ + \advance\@tempcnta\@ne + \setbox\count@\vbox to\dimen@ + {% + \vskip \z@ + \@plus-\multicolundershoot + \@minus-\multicolovershoot + \unvbox\@tempcnta + \ifshr@nking\vfill\fi}}% +} +\newbox\mult@rightbox +\newbox\mult@grightbox +\newbox\mult@gfirstbox +\newbox\mult@firstbox +\newbox\@tempa\newbox\@tempa +\newbox\@tempa\newbox\@tempa +\newbox\@tempa\newbox\@tempa +\newbox\@tempa\newbox\@tempa +\newbox\@tempa\newbox\@tempa +\newbox\@tempa\newbox\@tempa +\newbox\@tempa\newbox\@tempa +\newbox\@tempa\newbox\@tempa +\newbox\@tempa +\let\@tempa\relax +\@ifundefined{emergencystretch} + {\newdimen\emergencystretch}{} +\def\setemergencystretch#1#2{% + \emergencystretch 4pt + \multiply\emergencystretch#1} + +\def\set@floatcmds{% + \let\@dblfloat\@dbflt + \def\end@dblfloat{\par + \vskip\z@ + \egroup + \color@endbox + \@largefloatcheck + \outer@nobreak + \ifnum\@floatpenalty<\z@ + \@cons\@deferlist\@currbox + \fi + \ifnum\@floatpenalty=-\@Mii + \@Esphack + \fi}} +\def\kept@topmark{{}{}} +\let\kept@firstmark\@empty +\let\kept@botmark\@empty +\def\return@nonemptymark#1#2{% + \ifx#2\@empty + \else + \mult@info\tw@ + {Returned #1 mark:\MessageBreak + \meaning#2}% + \toks@\expandafter{#2}% + \mark{\the\toks@}% + \nobreak + \fi} +\def\get@keptmarks#1{% + \begingroup + \vbadness\@M + \setbox#1\copy#1% + \setbox#1\vsplit#1to\maxdimen + \set@keptmarks + \endgroup +} +\def\set@keptmarks{% + \ifx\kept@firstmark\@empty + \expandafter\gdef\expandafter + \kept@firstmark + \expandafter{\splitfirstmark}% + \ifx\kept@firstmark\@empty\else + \mult@info\tw@ + {Set kept first mark:\MessageBreak + \meaning\kept@firstmark% + \@gobbletwo}% + \fi + \fi + \expandafter\def\expandafter\@tempa + \expandafter{\splitbotmark}% + \ifx\@tempa\@empty\else + \global\let\kept@botmark\@tempa + \mult@info\tw@ + {Set kept bot mark:\MessageBreak + \meaning\kept@botmark% + \@gobbletwo}% + \fi}% +\def\prep@keptmarks{% + \if@boxedmulticols \else + \get@keptmarks\partial@page + \fi} +\def\remove@discardable@items{% + \unskip\unpenalty\unkern + \unskip\unpenalty\unkern + \unskip\unpenalty\unkern + \unskip\unpenalty\unkern +} +\newif\iftoo@bad +\newcount\c@columnbadness +\c@columnbadness=10000 +\newcount\c@finalcolumnbadness +\c@finalcolumnbadness=9999 + +\newdimen\last@try + +\newdimen\multicolovershoot +\newdimen\multicolundershoot +\multicolovershoot=0pt +\multicolundershoot=2pt +\newbox\mult@nat@firstbox +\def\mult@info#1#2{% + \ifnum\c@tracingmulticols>#1% + \GenericWarning + {(multicol)\@spaces\@spaces}% + {Package multicol: #2}% + \fi +} + \@namedef{multicols*}{% + \ifinner + \PackageWarning{multicol}% + {multicols* inside a box does + not make sense.\MessageBreak + Going to balance anyway}% + \else + \let\balance@columns@out + \multi@column@out + \fi + \begin{multicols} +} + \@namedef{endmulticols*}{\vfill + \end{multicols}} +\mathchardef\@Mv=10005 +\def\columnbreak{% + \ifnum\col@number<\tw@ + \PackageError{multicol}% + {\noexpand\columnbreak outside multicols}% + {This command can only be used within + a multicols or multicols* environment.}% + \else + \ifvmode + \penalty -\@Mv\relax + \else + \@bsphack + \vadjust{\penalty -\@Mv\relax}% + \@esphack + \fi + \fi} +\newbox\colbreak@box +\endinput +%% +%% End of file `multicol.sty'. diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/nocontrols.gph b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/nocontrols.gph new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6133c7f88840fd98d64f71f240f00224667e6d2f Binary files /dev/null and b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/nocontrols.gph differ diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/persistence.tex b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/persistence.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4e5a0593a90aac430f62e7326f6af2b5f315048d --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/persistence.tex @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +{ +\def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} +\begin{tabular}{l*{3}{c}} +\hline\hline + &\multicolumn{3}{c}{\makecell{Black Voter\\Registration Rate}}\\ + & (1)& (2)& (3)\\ +\hline +\makecell[l]{Black lynching rate*\\Some college experience of blacks}& 0.062& & \\ + & (0.152)& & \\ +\makecell[l]{Black lynching rate*\\Monthly earnings of blacks}& & 0.002& \\ + & & (0.005)& \\ +\makecell[l]{Black lynching rate*\\Black member rate in 2010}& & & 0.028\\ + & & & (0.011)\\ +Black lynching rate & -6.394& -9.050& -7.242\\ + & (4.424)& (9.306)& (1.732)\\ +Historical Controls & Yes& Yes& Yes\\ +State Fixed Effects & Yes& Yes& Yes\\ +\hline +\# of counties & 267& 267& 267\\ +R-Squared & 0.548& 0.548& 0.560\\ +\hline\hline +\end{tabular} +} diff --git 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+dup 4 3 roll exch 90.000 cos mul add 3 1 roll 90.000 sin mul add 2 copy +pop pop pop pop +3158 16752 2835 16752 Sln +2431 16752 0 +/Helvetica-0 findfont 808 yratio mul scalefont setfont +(6000) stringwidth pop add +2 div xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 90.000 cos mul sub 3 1 roll 90.000 sin mul sub 2 copy +/fntsize {/Helvetica-0 findfont exch scalefont setfont } def +90.000 808 +(6000) Stxtl +(6000) stringwidth pop xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 90.000 cos mul add 3 1 roll 90.000 sin mul add 2 copy +pop pop pop pop +3158 21113 2835 21113 Sln +2431 21113 0 +/Helvetica-0 findfont 808 yratio mul scalefont setfont +(8000) stringwidth pop add +2 div xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 90.000 cos mul sub 3 1 roll 90.000 sin mul sub 2 copy +/fntsize {/Helvetica-0 findfont exch scalefont setfont } def +90.000 808 +(8000) Stxtl +(8000) stringwidth pop xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 90.000 cos mul add 3 1 roll 90.000 sin mul add 2 copy +pop pop pop pop +1542 12808 0 +/Helvetica-0 findfont 808 yratio mul scalefont setfont +(Voting age blacks \(per 10k pop\)) stringwidth pop add +2 div xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 90.000 cos mul sub 3 1 roll 90.000 sin mul sub 2 copy +/fntsize {/Helvetica-0 findfont exch scalefont setfont } def +90.000 808 +(Voting age blacks \(per 10k pop\)) Stxtl +(Voting age blacks \(per 10k pop\)) stringwidth pop xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 90.000 cos mul add 3 1 roll 90.000 sin mul add 2 copy +pop pop pop pop +3158 3158 31184 3158 Sln +3670 3158 3670 2835 Sln +3670 2107 0 +/Helvetica-0 findfont 808 yratio mul scalefont setfont +(0) stringwidth pop add +2 div xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul sub 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul sub 2 copy +/fntsize {/Helvetica-0 findfont exch scalefont setfont } def +0.000 808 +(0) Stxtl +(0) stringwidth pop xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul add 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul add 2 copy +pop pop pop pop +9070 3158 9070 2835 Sln +9070 2107 0 +/Helvetica-0 findfont 808 yratio mul scalefont setfont +(.2) stringwidth pop add +2 div xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul sub 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul sub 2 copy +/fntsize {/Helvetica-0 findfont exch scalefont setfont } def +0.000 808 +(.2) Stxtl +(.2) stringwidth pop xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul add 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul add 2 copy +pop pop pop pop +14471 3158 14471 2835 Sln +14471 2107 0 +/Helvetica-0 findfont 808 yratio mul scalefont setfont +(.4) stringwidth pop add +2 div xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul sub 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul sub 2 copy +/fntsize {/Helvetica-0 findfont exch scalefont setfont } def +0.000 808 +(.4) Stxtl +(.4) stringwidth pop xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul add 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul add 2 copy +pop pop pop pop +19871 3158 19871 2835 Sln +19871 2107 0 +/Helvetica-0 findfont 808 yratio mul scalefont setfont +(.6) stringwidth pop add +2 div xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul sub 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul sub 2 copy +/fntsize {/Helvetica-0 findfont exch scalefont setfont } def +0.000 808 +(.6) Stxtl +(.6) stringwidth pop xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul add 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul add 2 copy +pop pop pop pop +25272 3158 25272 2835 Sln +25272 2107 0 +/Helvetica-0 findfont 808 yratio mul scalefont setfont +(.8) stringwidth pop add +2 div xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul sub 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul sub 2 copy +/fntsize {/Helvetica-0 findfont exch scalefont setfont } def +0.000 808 +(.8) Stxtl +(.8) stringwidth pop xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul add 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul add 2 copy +pop pop pop pop +30672 3158 30672 2835 Sln +30672 2107 0 +/Helvetica-0 findfont 808 yratio mul scalefont setfont +(1) stringwidth pop add +2 div xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul sub 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul sub 2 copy +/fntsize {/Helvetica-0 findfont exch scalefont setfont } def +0.000 808 +(1) Stxtl +(1) stringwidth pop xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul add 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul add 2 copy +pop pop pop pop +17171 1218 0 +/Helvetica-0 findfont 808 yratio mul scalefont setfont +(Share of Slaves) stringwidth pop add +2 div xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul sub 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul sub 2 copy +/fntsize {/Helvetica-0 findfont exch scalefont setfont } def +0.000 808 +(Share of Slaves) Stxtl +(Share of Slaves) stringwidth pop xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul add 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul add 2 copy +pop pop pop pop +S showpage +%%EOF diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/selection.tex b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/selection.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9386fb18defd743793b447c54caeaad545109f60 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/selection.tex @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +{ +\def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} +\begin{tabular}{l*{3}{c}} +\hline\hline +(1) & (2) & (3) & (4) \\ +No controls effect & Controlled effect& Coeff. set from psacalc & Ratio: $\frac{\beta^F}{(\beta^R-\beta^F)}$\\ +\hline + -0.628 & -0.434 & [-1.009, -0.434] & 2.945 \\ + (0.148)[0.479] & (0.133)[0.629] & & \\ +\hline\hline +\end{tabular} +} diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/setspace.sty b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/setspace.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ae87d4c33214d4be6325690d81192a3a84a9d873 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/setspace.sty @@ -0,0 +1,546 @@ +%%% ====================================================================== +%%% @LaTeX-style-file{ +%%% filename = "setspace.sty", +%%% version = "6.7", +%%% date = "Fri 1 December 2000", +%%% time = "17:49 UT+11", +%%% author = "Geoffrey Tobin", +%%% address = "Department of Electronic Engineering +%%% Faculty of Science and Technology +%%% La Trobe University +%%% Bundoora VIC 3086 +%%% Australia", +%%% email = "G.Tobin@latrobe.edu.au (Internet)", +%%% telephone = "(+ 613) 9479-3736", +%%% FAX = "(+ 613) 9479-3025", +%%% supported = "yes", +%%% archived = "CTAN", +%%% distribution = "freely redistributable", +%%% keywords = "LaTeX package, line spacing", +%%% codetable = "ISO/ASCII", +%%% checksum = "11793 546 2608 21972", +%%% docstring = "setspace.sty is a LaTeX (2e) package. +%%% Comments and bug reports welcome! +%%% +%%% This includes GDG's modification to Erica Harris' +%%% setspace.sty. The main aspects of this +%%% modification deal with the definitions of +%%% \singlespacing \onehalfspacing, and +%%% \doublespacing, (these are near the beginning of +%%% the file). Primarily, these deal with adding +%%% fontsize changes to guarantee that the new +%%% baseline is properly defined and placed into +%%% action. The extra \vskip in the definition of +%%% \singlespacing seems to make for a cleaner +%%% transition from multiple spacing back to single +%%% spacing. These did not appear warrranted for +%%% other size changes. +%%% +%%% Modified by GDG on November 1, 1992, to allow +%%% for use of New Font Selection Scheme. +%%% +%%% Modified by GDG on June 4, 1993, to correct +%%% for spacing tokens in definition of \@setsize +%%% Thanks to Kaja P. Christiansen +%%% for the fix!! +%%% +%%% Modified by GDG on May 24, 1994, to change toggle +%%% definition from \selectfont to \@newbaseline. +%%% +%%% Modified by GDG on May 25, 1994, to add +%%% definition of \everydisplay -- this part of +%%% the code was apparently written by Geoffrey +%%% Tobin on Thu 23 Jan 1992 and was provided by +%%% stanton@haas.berkeley.edu (Richard Stanton). +%%% This should help with some of the awkward math +%%% placements in changing spacings. +%%% +%%% Modified by GT on 23 Jan 1996, to correct +%%% \everymath bug, first reported by Mario +%%% Wolczko on 9 June 1992. +%%% +%%% Modified by GT on 23 Jan 1996, to correct +%%% usage of comment characters in macro +%%% definitions. +%%% +%%% Modified by GT on 23 Jan 1996, to update +%%% (adjusted) \@xfloat definition for LaTeX2e. +%%% Bug report was courtesy of Kay Nettle. +%%% +%%% Modified by GT on 24 Jan 1996, to update +%%% (adjusted) \@footnotetext definition for +%%% LaTeX2e, and to add an adjusted LaTeX2e +%%% \@mpfootnotext definition for minipages. +%%% Bug report was courtesy Kay Nettle. +%%% +%%% Changed by GT on 6 Feb 1996, into a LaTeX2e +%%% package. +%%% +%%% Made more package-like by GT on 14 Feb 1996, +%%% by adding standard messages. +%%% +%%% GT replaced \@normalsize by \normalsize on 28 +%%% Sep 1996. This change was successively +%%% advised by: +%%% +%%% Rowland J.~Bartlett +%%% +%%% on Tue 6 Aug 96, +%%% +%%% Ted Stern +%%% +%%% on Wed 7 Aug 96, +%%% +%%% Michal Jaegermann +%%% +%%% on Fri 27 Sep 96. +%%% +%%% GT: Sat 28 Sep 1996: Added call to +%%% \setspace@size in \setstretch, as suggested +%%% by David Hull +%%% on Wed 24 July 1996. +%%% +%%% GT: Sat 28 Sep 1996: Pared \setspace@size +%%% mercilessly down to \@currsize, following +%%% advice given on Fri 27 Sep 1996 by Michal +%%% Jaegermann . +%%% Retained this macro for flexibility. +%%% +%%% Code rearranged by GT, Sat 28 Sep 1996, to give +%%% greater prominence to \setstretch. +%%% +%%% Also, GT changed (Sat 28 Sep 1996) many +%%% occurrences of \def to \newcommand, +%%% \renewcommand, or \newenvironment, +%%% as seemed appropriate. +%%% +%%% GT, Tue 10 Dec 1996: Following a suggestion +%%% by Ted Stern, the `single' spacing is now +%%% settable by the user. This is for slightly +%%% large fonts such as Lucida Bright. +%%% +%%% GT, Wed 11 Dec 1996: For simplicity and +%%% maintainability, call \onehalfspacing in +%%% the onehalfspace environment, and +%%% \doublespacing in the doublespace +%%% environment. +%%% +%%% GT, Wed 11 Dec 1996: Also deleted +%%% \setspace@size from \setstretch, +%%% as \@currsize suffices. +%%% +%%% Modified by Brett Presnell (BP) +%%% on 21 Mar 1998 +%%% to add nodisplayskipstretch option, which +%%% turns off the stretching of the space +%%% before and after displays, which is often +%%% excessive, particularly with doublespaced +%%% documents. Also added the +%%% setdisplayskipstretch command, which allows +%%% the user to choose by how much to stretch +%%% the space before and after displays +%%% independently from the setting of +%%% baselinestretch. This works regardless of +%%% whether the nodisplayskipstretch option is +%%% in effect. +%%% +%%% GT, Wed 15 Apr 1998: Added the singlespace* +%%% environment requested by +%%% Mark Olesen +%%% on Sat 24 May 1997 and Wed 18 June 1997. +%%% This is reported to give improved vertical +%%% spacing around itemize and quote environments. +%%% +%%% GT, Wed 15 Apr 1998: David Hull pointed out on +%%% Fri 12 Dec 1997 that the \belowdisplayskip line +%%% in the \everydisplay was mistyped. Now fixed. +%%% +%%% GT, Thu 26 Nov 1998: Finally got round to +%%% fixing the absence of \begingroup from +%%% onehalfspace and doublespace environments. +%%% Thanks to: Bernd Schandl, Ron Smith, +%%% Himanshu Gohel, and Kevin Ruland, for bringing +%%% it to my long overdue attention. +%%% +%%% GT, Tue 27 July 1999: On Saturday 24 July +%%% 1999, Alexander L. Wolf +%%% informed me that the \doublespace and +%%% \onehalfspace _macros_ are still at fault. +%%% +%%% GT, Fri 3 March 2000: Today Stefano +%%% Lacaprara of Italy brought my attention to +%%% the need to extend the commands and macros +%%% to point sizes other than 10, 11 and 12. +%%% Since there's no general formula for the +%%% line stretch values in terms of point size, +%%% and they vary only slightly between 10, 11 +%%% and 12 pt, and furthermore the values were +%%% presumably optimised specifically for the +%%% Computer Modern fonts, i've chosen to use +%%% the 10 pt values as the generic defaults. +%%% +%%% GT, Fri 1 December 2000: George Pearson +%%% requested package options for the three +%%% common spacings. +%%% +%%% The checksum field above contains a CRC-16 +%%% checksum as the first value, followed by the +%%% equivalent of the standard UNIX wc (word +%%% count) utility output of lines, words, and +%%% characters. This is produced by Robert +%%% Solovay's checksum utility." +%%% } +%%% ====================================================================== +%% FILE: setspace.sty in SYS2.TEX.PUB.ISULATEX.STYLES +%% AUTHOR: Erica M. S. Harris +%% DATE: April 1990 +%% MOD: March 1991 +%%% +%%% Update to LaTeX (2e) : 6 Feb 1996. +%%% Description: LaTeX Document Package "setspace" +%%% +%%% Usage: +%%% \documentclass[...]{...} +%%% \usepackage{setspace} +%%% +%% Based on the doublespace option created by Stephen Page. +%% +%% This style option provides commands and environments for doing +%% double and one-and-a-half spacing based on pt size. +%% +%% Single spacing is the default. +%% +%% Three commands, \singlespacing, \onehalfspacing, and +%% \doublespacing, are for use in the preamble to set the overall +%% spacing for the document. If a different spacing is required then +%% the \setstretch{baselinestretch} command can be used in the +%% preamble to set the baselinestretch appropriately. The default +%% spacing with this style option is single spacing. +%% +%% Three environments, singlespace, onehalfspace, and doublespace, +%% allow the spacing to be changed within the document. Both the +%% onehalfspace and doublespace environments are intended to increase +%% the spacing, so the onehalfspace environment should not be used in +%% a double spaced document. If an increased spacing different from +%% one-and-a-half or double spacing is required then the spacing +%% environment can be used. The spacing environment takes one +%% argument which is the larger baselinestretch to use, +%% e.g., \begin{spacing}{2.5}. +%% +%% \footins is adjusted the same as \parskip - appears to work. Lose +%% stretch parts but don't consider that to be crucial +%% +%% Removed code for altering spacing before and after displayed +%% equations - just looked too much. +%% +%% MODS: +%% Redefinition of \spacing and \endspacing for consistency with +%% TeX 3.x inserted by George Greenwade. Modification provided by +%% Philip Ross (ROSS@UK.AC.ABDN.BIOMED) and John Byrne via INFO-TeX. +%% +%% PLEASE REPORT ANY BUGS +%% +%% Old Documentation follows: +%% 1. A new environment "singlespace" is provided, within which single +%% spacing will apply. +%% JFL - changed so that it works in regular text and so that +%% vertical space before and after is correctly computed +%% 2. Double spacing is turned off within footnotes and floats (figures +%% and tables). +%% 3. Proper double spacing happens below tabular environments and in +%% other places where LaTeX uses a strut. +%% 4. Slightly more space is inserted before footnotes. +%% 5. JFL - fixes spacing before and after displayed math +%% +%% +%% mods: Jean-Francois Lamy +%% lamy@ai.toronto.edu +%% lamy@utai.uucp +%% +%% POSSIBLE BUGS: +%% . Increasing struts may possibly cause some other obscure part of +%% formatting to fall over. +%% . \begin{singlespace}\begin{quote} produces the wrong spacing before +%% the quote (extra glue is inserted). +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\NeedsTeXFormat {LaTeX2e}[1994/12/01] +\def \filename {setspace.sty} +\def \filedate {2000/12/01} +\def \fileversion {6.7} +\ProvidesPackage {setspace}[\filedate\space\fileversion\space + Contributed and Supported LaTeX2e package] +\typeout {Package: `setspace' \fileversion\space <\filedate>} + +% BP: add nodisplayskipstretch option and \setdisplayskipstretch command. + +\newcommand{\displayskipstretch}{\baselinestretch} +\newcommand{\setdisplayskipstretch}[1]{\renewcommand{\displayskipstretch}{#1}} +\DeclareOption{nodisplayskipstretch}{\setdisplayskipstretch{1.0}} + +% GT: add George Pearsons' suggested options. + +\DeclareOption{singlespacing}{\AtEndOfPackage{\singlespacing}} +\DeclareOption{onehalfspacing}{\AtEndOfPackage{\onehalfspacing}} +\DeclareOption{doublespacing}{\AtEndOfPackage{\doublespacing}} + +\ProcessOptions + +% GT: Sat 28 Sep 1996: Widely using \newcommand, \renewcommand, and +% \newenvironment, instead of \def. + +% ** Line space commands. + +\newcommand{\setstretch}[1]{% + \def\baselinestretch{#1}% + \@currsize +} + +% GT: Sat 28 Sep 1996: spacing commands and environments modified to +% use \setstretch instead of \baselinestretch. +% +% GT: Sat 28 Sep 1996: No, I don't know understand the line spacing +% algorithms! If someone (LaTeX team) can enlighten me as to the +% general rule, please do! It would be very pleasant if setspace.sty +% were suited for document font sizes other than 10, 11 and 12 pt. +% +% GT: Tue 10 Dec 1996: Instead of fixing singlespacing to exact unity, +% allow user to redefine it (only slightly, please!) from its initial +% value of unity, in the case when a particular font is slightly larger +% or slightly smaller than its point size would indicate. This change +% affects setspace's single spacing commands, and LaTeX's footnote and +% float environments. The one and a half, double, and arbitrary +% spacing commands are unaltered. + +\newcommand{\SetSinglespace}[1]{% + \def\setspace@singlespace{#1}% +} + +% Here's the default single line spacing value. +\SetSinglespace{1} + +\newcommand{\singlespacing}{% + \setstretch {\setspace@singlespace}% normally 1 + \vskip \baselineskip % Correction for coming into singlespace +} + +\newcommand{\onehalfspacing}{% + \setstretch{1.25}% default + \ifcase \@ptsize \relax % 10pt + \setstretch {1.25}% + \or % 11pt + \setstretch {1.213}% + \or % 12pt + \setstretch {1.241}% + \fi +} + +\newcommand{\doublespacing}{% + \setstretch {1.667}% default + \ifcase \@ptsize \relax % 10pt + \setstretch {1.667}% + \or % 11pt + \setstretch {1.618}% + \or % 12pt + \setstretch {1.655}% + \fi +} + +% ** Modification of the LaTeX command \@setsize. + +%---Stretch the baseline BEFORE calculating the strut size. This improves +% spacing below tabular environments etc., probably... +% Comments are welcomed. + +% GT: Sun 29 Sep 1996: Question: Is this code anywhere near correct +% since this part of LaTeX (in, eg, latex.ltx) has been greatly changed? + +% GT: Sun 29 Sep 1996: The meanings of the arguments to \@setsize +% appear to be (whatever these may signify) : +% current size; font baselineskip; ignored (!); and font size. + +% GT: Sun 29 Sep 1996: Note that \@setsize (in latest LaTeX, +% \@setfontsize, which is called by \@setsize) seems to be the only +% place in purely modern LaTeX where \@currsize is set, and ltxguide.cls +% seems to be the only file in the LaTeX base distribution that uses it! + +\def\@setsize#1#2#3#4{% + % Modified 1993.04.07--GDG per KPC + \@nomath#1% + \let\@currsize#1% + \baselineskip #2% + \baselineskip \baselinestretch\baselineskip + \parskip \baselinestretch\parskip + \setbox\strutbox \hbox{% + \vrule height.7\baselineskip + depth.3\baselineskip + width\z@}% + \skip\footins \baselinestretch\skip\footins + \normalbaselineskip\baselineskip#3#4} + +% ** Float and footnote adjustments to compensate for a change in the +% ** main text's line spacing. + +%---Increase the space between last line of text and footnote rule. +%\skip\footins 20pt plus4pt minus4pt + +%---Reset baselinestretch within floats and footnotes. + +% GT: Tue 23 Jan 1996: This is where the conflict with the combination +% of the color package and the figure environment used to occur. + +% Floats. + +% GT: Sat 28 Sep 1996: \@xfloat is the only place where \normalsize +% is still used in setspace.sty ! + +\let\latex@xfloat=\@xfloat +\def\@xfloat #1[#2]{% + \latex@xfloat #1[#2]% + \def\baselinestretch{\setspace@singlespace}% + \normalsize +} + +% GT: Wed 24 Jan 1996: This footnote code was copied from LaTeX and +% modified rather naively. It had to be brought up to date, not only +% because of LaTeX's new color ability, but also because ther had +% been major changes to this code in LaTeX at least as far back as +% March 1992. + +% Normal, bottom of the page, footnotes. +% +% GT: Based HEAVILY on original LaTeX (2e) code. A standard hook would +% be MUCH preferred, so that LaTeX's footnote implementation needn't be +% copied each time it changes. +% +% GT: The \protected@edef requires at least the December 1994 LaTeX. +% This is precisely the kind of VERSION DEPENDENCY situation that +% cannot (AFAIK) be avoided, because LaTeX (2e) LACKS appropriate +% standard hooks and/or context markers. + +\long\def\@footnotetext#1{% + \insert\footins{% +% GT: Next line added. Hook desired here! + \def\baselinestretch {\setspace@singlespace}% + \reset@font\footnotesize + \interlinepenalty\interfootnotelinepenalty + \splittopskip\footnotesep + \splitmaxdepth \dp\strutbox \floatingpenalty \@MM + \hsize\columnwidth + \@parboxrestore + \protected@edef\@currentlabel{% + \csname p@footnote\endcsname\@thefnmark + }% + \color@begingroup + \@makefntext{% + \rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces#1\@finalstrut\strutbox}% + \color@endgroup}} + +% Minipage footnotes. + +\long\def\@mpfootnotetext#1{% + \global\setbox\@mpfootins\vbox{% + \unvbox \@mpfootins +% GT: Next line added. Hook desired here! + \def\baselinestretch {\setspace@singlespace}% + \reset@font\footnotesize + \hsize\columnwidth + \@parboxrestore + \protected@edef\@currentlabel{% + \csname p@mpfootnote\endcsname\@thefnmark}% + \color@begingroup + \@makefntext{% + \rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces#1\@finalstrut\strutbox}% + \color@endgroup}} + +% ** Line space environments. + +% A single spaced quote (say) is done by surrounding singlespace with quote. + +\newenvironment{singlespace}{% + \vskip \baselineskip + \setstretch {\setspace@singlespace}% + \vskip -\baselineskip +}{% + \par +} + +% GT (c/o Mark Olesen), Wed 15 April 1998. + +\newenvironment{singlespace*}{% + \setstretch {\setspace@singlespace}% + \vskip -\baselineskip +}{% + \vskip -0.5\baselineskip +} + +% spacing, doublespace and onehalfspace all are meant to INCREASE the +% spacing (i.e. calling onehalfspace from within doublespace will not +% produce a graceful transition between spacings) +% +% Next two definitions fixed for consistency with TeX 3.x + +% In order to use \newenvironment, while easily using same code for +% end of each environment, the code that used to be in \endspacing has +% been moved into a new (but internal) macro, \restore@spacing. + +\newcommand{\restore@spacing}{% + \par + \vskip \parskip + \vskip \baselineskip + \endgroup + \vskip -\parskip + \vskip -\baselineskip +} + +\newenvironment{spacing}[1]{% + \par + \begingroup % moved from \endspacing by PGBR 29-1-91 + \setstretch {#1}% +}{% + \restore@spacing +} + +% one and a half spacing is 1.5 x pt size +\newenvironment{onehalfspace}{% + \begingroup + \onehalfspacing +}{% + \restore@spacing +} + +% double spacing is 2 x pt size +\newenvironment{doublespace}{% + \begingroup + \doublespacing +}{% + \restore@spacing +} + +% GT: EMSH chose to omit display math part that follows. +% She wrote (see above) that the "altered spacing before and after displayed +% equations ... just looked too much". +% +% Fix up spacing before and after displayed math +% (arraystretch seems to do a fine job for inside LaTeX displayed math, +% since array and eqnarray seem to be affected as expected). +% Changing \baselinestretch and doing a font change also works if done here, +% but then you have to change @setsize to remove the call to @nomath) +% +% GT: The \belowdisplayskip line was mistyped; now fixed, courtesy of +% David Hull. +% +% GT: Brett Parnell has addressed EMSH's concern by replacing +% \baselinestretch by \displayskipstretch in displays, as follows. + +\everydisplay\expandafter{% + \the\everydisplay + \abovedisplayskip \displayskipstretch\abovedisplayskip + \belowdisplayskip \displayskipstretch\belowdisplayskip + \abovedisplayshortskip \displayskipstretch\abovedisplayshortskip + \belowdisplayshortskip \displayskipstretch\belowdisplayshortskip +} + +\endinput + +%%% EOF. diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/slaves.tex b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/slaves.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..42ef2356a197ac913e6837f20d3d1bd2bb1d6cdd --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/slaves.tex @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +{ +\def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} +\begin{tabular}{l*{2}{c}} +\hline\hline + &\multicolumn{2}{c}{\makecell{Black Voter\\Registration Rate}}\\ + & (1)& (2)\\ +\hline +Black lynching rate & -0.469& -0.363\\ + & (0.144)& (0.140)\\ +Slaves in 1860 (per 10k pop)& & 0.003\\ + & & (0.001)\\ +Historical Controls & Yes& Yes\\ +State Fixed Effects & Yes& Yes\\ +\hline +\# of counties & 267& 267\\ +R-Squared & 0.548& 0.584\\ +\hline\hline +\end{tabular} +} diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/stats.tex b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/stats.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ac016b39e2057d7aac66c50a0f14e9d438140c8c --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/stats.tex @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +{ +\def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} +\begin{tabular}{l*{1}{ccccc}} +\hline\hline + &\multicolumn{5}{c}{(1)} \\ + &\multicolumn{5}{c}{} \\ + & mean& sd& min& max& count\\ +\hline +Black registered voters& 73.845& 17.253& 14.858& 136.704& 267\\ +White registered voters& 76.285& 11.177& 38.299& 104.865& 267\\ +Black lynchings & 2.985& 3.385& 0.000& 18.000& 267\\ +Black lynching rate & 3.816& 5.458& 0.000& 45.662& 267\\ +Black population in 1900& 10904.419& 9143.520& 77.000& 60312.000& 267\\ +Average farm value in 1860& 8.993& 8.474& 1.000& 65.000& 267\\ +Proportion of small farms in 1860& 0.391& 0.198& 0.023& 1.000& 267\\ +Inequality of farmland in 1860& 0.491& 0.075& 0.160& 0.737& 267\\ +Proportion of free blacks in 1860& 128.188& 209.407& 0.000& 1685.682& 267\\ +Average newspapers rate& 0.119& 0.403& 0.000& 4.854& 267\\ +County formation & 1775.843& 54.276& 1664.000& 1836.000& 267\\ +Slaves in 1860 (per 10k pop)& 4312.980& 1995.739& 248.364& 9085.114& 267\\ +Proportion of black illiterate men in 1910& 4250.181& 1003.408& 1501.534& 7234.146& 267\\ +Some college experience or more of blacks& 0.284& 0.115& 0.000& 0.905& 267\\ +Monthly earnings of blacks& 2043.203& 291.160& 1348.750& 3224.250& 267\\ +Black church member rate& 187.113& 136.642& 0.000& 942.249& 267\\ +Incarceration rate of blacks (per 10k pop)& 128.207& 181.697& 0.000& 1816.800& 267\\ +Polling place rate (per 10k pop)& 5.163& 3.243& 0.349& 25.882& 267\\ +\hline\hline +\end{tabular} +} diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/stevenson.tex b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/stevenson.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5c6acbacd9ab89803e740404de9702a2e9dd27d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/stevenson.tex @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +{ +\def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} +\begin{tabular}{l*{1}{c}} +\hline\hline + &\multicolumn{1}{c}{\makecell{Black Voter\\Registration Rate}}\\ + & (1)\\ +\hline +Black lynching rate (EJI)& -0.314\\ + & (0.101)\\ +Historical Controls & Yes\\ +State Fixed Effects & Yes\\ +\hline +\# of counties & 267\\ +R-Squared & 0.546\\ +\hline\hline +\end{tabular} +} diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/tract.tex b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/tract.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d76cdab2fbe53884f96e8482a2b25f4c5ac4b832 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files/tract.tex @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +{ +\def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi} +\begin{tabular}{l*{1}{c}} +\hline\hline + &\multicolumn{1}{c}{Polling Locations}\\ + & (1)\\ +\hline +Proportion of Blacks& -0.119\\ + & (0.112)\\ +Black lynching rate & -0.003\\ + & (0.001)\\ +Proportion of Blacks $\times$ Black lynching rate& 0.006\\ + & (0.009)\\ +Population Density & -0.006\\ + & (0.002)\\ +Constant & 1.796\\ + & (0.154)\\ +State Fixed Effects & Yes\\ +\hline +Number of observations& 11,712\\ +R-Squared & 0.081\\ +\hline\hline +\end{tabular} +} diff --git "a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files\\racepat.eps" "b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files\\racepat.eps" new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..15b8e9b886c55f704c0db3dbc3d196114694ea12 --- /dev/null +++ "b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Latex_files\\racepat.eps" @@ -0,0 +1,689 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 +%% This is a Stata generated postscript file +%%BoundingBox: 0 0 396 288 +%%HiResBoundingBox: 0.000 0.000 396.000 288.000 +%%DocumentNeededResources: font Helvetica +/xratio 0.012375 def +/yratio 0.012375 def +/Sbgfill { + /y1 exch def + /x1 exch def + /y0 exch def + /x0 exch def + x0 y0 moveto + x0 y1 lineto x1 y1 lineto x1 y0 lineto x0 y0 lineto + fill +} def +/Spt { + yratio mul + /yp exch def + xratio mul + /xp exch def + Slrgb setrgbcolor + xp yp .5 0 360 arc fill +} def +/Sln { + yratio mul + /y1p exch def + xratio mul + /x1p 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Parents) Stxtl +(Patriotism Important to Parents) stringwidth pop xratio div +dup 4 3 roll exch 0.000 cos mul add 3 1 roll 0.000 sin mul add 2 copy +pop pop pop pop +S showpage +%%EOF diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Readme.pdf b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Readme.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9113bb85d09daee468c84e22d890ec6f44cbb06d --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Readme.pdf @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:63ed7446442a34905f20fc28fc9ad63afc4111bb24f4d73dabef061b4467ceab +size 98045 diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Results_inpaper/CollinsWanamaker.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Results_inpaper/CollinsWanamaker.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..edc2d929475d34d19abbc37c9a0df191fd610bf0 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Results_inpaper/CollinsWanamaker.do @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +#delimit; +clear all; + + +global infile = "Input_data"; +global infile2 = "Analysis_data"; +global outfile = "Latex_files"; + +use "$infile/collinswanamaker1910_30"; + +** Creates table B6; +** Merge with maindata file; +merge m:1 fips using "$infile2/maindata"; +drop _merge; + +global historical c.initial c.newscapita c.farmvalue c.sfarmprop1860 c.landineq1860 c.fbprop1860; +global cont_black c.Black_beyondhs c.Black_avgage c.Black_Earnings c.share_marital; + +label variable REGIONALMIG "Outmigrant"; +label variable lynchcapitamob "Black lynching rate"; + +regress lnrealIND28_10_X i.REGIONALMIG##c.lynchcapitamob +$historical i.State_FIPS , cluster(County_FIPS); +estimates store c1; + +regress lnrealsbocc60_10_X i.REGIONALMIG##c.lynchcapitamob +$historical i.State_FIPS , cluster(County_FIPS); +estimates store c2; + +regress age_1910_coded i.REGIONALMIG##c.lynchcapitamob +$historical i.State_FIPS , cluster(County_FIPS); +estimates store c3; + +regress school_1910_coded i.REGIONALMIG##c.lynchcapitamob +$historical i.State_FIPS , cluster(County_FIPS); +estimates store c4; + +regress lit_1910_coded i.REGIONALMIG##c.lynchcapitamob +$historical i.State_FIPS , cluster(County_FIPS); +estimates store c5; + +regress empstatd_1910_coded i.REGIONALMIG##c.lynchcapitamob +$historical i.State_FIPS , cluster(County_FIPS); +estimates store c6; + +regress classwkr_coded_1910 i.REGIONALMIG##c.lynchcapitamob +$historical i.State_FIPS , cluster(County_FIPS); +estimates store c7; + +** Table B6; +esttab c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 using "$outfile/collinsdata.tex", keep(1.REGIONALMIG#c.lynchcapitamob 1.REGIONALMIG lynchcapitamob) +order(1.REGIONALMIG#c.lynchcapitamob 1.REGIONALMIG lynchcapitamob) +indicate("Historical Controls = newscapita" "State Fixed Effects = *.State_FIPS") +mlabels("\makecell{Earnings\\1928}" "\makecell{Earnings\\1960}" "Age" "\makecell{Own\\Home}" "School" "Literate" +"Employed" "\makecell{Worked\\Class}", lhs("\makecell[l]{Out-Migrants vs.\\Stayers}")) +nomtitles collabels(none) varlabels(_cons "Constant" 1.REGIONALMIG "Outmigrant" 1.REGIONALMIG#c.lynchcapitamob "\makecell[l]{Black lynching rate*\\Outmigrant Status}") +label cells(b(fmt(3)) se(par(`"("'`")"') fmt(3))) stats(N r2, labels("\# of observations" "R-Squared") +fmt(%11.0gc %9.3f)) replace; + + diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Results_inpaper/Createmain.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Results_inpaper/Createmain.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a85cf00f42e5f2566d9eb0a754dd58514af47412 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Results_inpaper/Createmain.do @@ -0,0 +1,252 @@ +clear +#delimit; + +** Do file to create maindata; +** This file will take Input and Analysis data but mostly Analysis data; +** SOS/voting data; + +global infile = "Input_data"; +global infile2 = "Analysis_data"; + +use "$infile/SOS"; +merge m:1 County State Election using "$infile/SEER_POP"; +drop _merge; + + +generate Blackrate_regvoters = register_black/Black_POP*100; +generate Whiterate_regvoters = register_white/White_POP*100; + + +generate pop = Black_POP + White_POP; +generate shareblack = (Black_POP/pop)*10000; +generate sharewhite = (White_POP/pop)*10000; + + +merge m:1 County State using "$infile2/lynchcorrectblacksnomob"; +replace lynchingmob = 0 if _merge == 1 & (State == "North Carolina"|State =="Louisiana"|State =="Georgia"|State =="Alabama"|State =="South Carolina"|State=="Florida"); +drop _merge; + +merge m:1 County State using "$infile2/lynchcorrectwhites"; +replace lynchingmobwhite = 0 if _merge == 1 & (State == "North Carolina"|State =="Louisiana"|State =="Georgia"|State =="Alabama"|State =="South Carolina"|State=="Florida"); +drop _merge; + + +** Merge with Stevenson data; +merge m:1 County State using "$infile/lynching_Stevenson"; +replace lynch_steve= 0 if _merge == 1 & (State == "North Carolina"|State =="Louisiana"|State =="Georgia"|State =="Alabama"|State =="South Carolina"|State=="Florida"); +drop _merge; + + +merge m:1 fips using "$infile2/POP_1900_NHGIS"; +drop _merge; +merge m:1 fips using "$infile2/POP_1910_NHGIS"; +drop _merge; +merge m:1 fips using "$infile2/POP_1920_NHGIS"; +drop _merge; +merge m:1 fips using "$infile2/POP_1930_NHGIS"; +drop _merge; + + +* Create a flag if 1900 population is missing; +generate flag_POP_1910 = 1 if Black_POP_1910 != . & (State == "North Carolina"|State =="Louisiana"|State =="Georgia"|State =="Alabama"|State =="South Carolina"|State=="Florida") & Black_POP_1900 ==.; + +* Create a flag if 1900 and 1910 population is missing; +generate flag_POP_1920 = 1 if Black_POP_1920 != . & (State == "North Carolina"|State =="Louisiana"|State =="Georgia"|State =="Alabama"|State =="South Carolina"|State=="Florida") & Black_POP_1910 ==.; + +** Generate flag for whites; +generate wflag_POP_1910 = 1 if White_POP_1910 != . & (State == "North Carolina"|State =="Louisiana"|State =="Georgia"|State =="Alabama"|State =="South Carolina"|State=="Florida") & Black_POP_1900 ==.; + +* Create a flag if 1900 and 1910 population is missing; +generate wflag_POP_1920 = 1 if White_POP_1920 != . & (State == "North Carolina"|State =="Louisiana"|State =="Georgia"|State =="Alabama"|State =="South Carolina"|State=="Florida") & Black_POP_1910 ==.; + + +egen state = group(State); + +merge m:1 fips using "$infile2/censuseducation", force; +drop _merge; +merge m:1 fips using "$infile2/censusage"; +drop _merge; +merge m:1 fips using "$infile/earnings_QWI"; +drop _merge; + +merge m:1 fips using "$infile/PartyDominance"; +drop _merge; + +merge m:1 County State using "$infile2/POP_1840_NHGIS"; +drop _merge; + +merge m:1 County State using "$infile2/news"; +drop _merge; + +generate Total_POP_1900 = Black_POP_1900 + White_POP_1900; +generate newscapita = (newspaper/Total_POP_1840)*10000; + + +merge m:1 fips using "$infile2/POP_2010_NHGIS", force; +drop _merge; + +generate Total_POP_2010 = Black_POP_2010 + White_POP_2010; + + +merge m:1 fips using "$infile2/maritalcensus"; +drop _merge; + +merge m:1 fips using "$infile2/illiterate_NHGIS"; +drop _merge; + +merge m:1 fips using "$infile2/votingage1910"; +drop _merge; + +generate Black_share_illiterate = (Black_illiterate/Black_votingage)*10000; +generate White_share_illiterate = (White_illiterate/White_votingage)*10000; + +merge m:1 fips using "$infile2/numslaves"; +drop _merge; + +merge m:1 fips using "$infile2/POP_1860_NHGIS"; +drop _merge; + +generate share_slaves =(numslaves/Total_POP_1860)*10000; + +merge m:1 fips using "$infile2/religion"; +drop _merge; + +merge m:1 fips using "$infile/incarceration_2010"; +drop _merge; +replace incarceration_2010 = incarceration_2010/10; + + +merge m:1 fips using "$infile/totalpollscounty"; +drop _merge; +generate pollscapita = (polls/Total_POP_2010)*10000; + + + +** Initial Year County was formed (data from Grosjean's paper); +merge m:1 fips using "$infile/propscots_2000_initial"; +drop _merge; + + +merge m:1 fips using "$infile/farmvalue", force; +drop _merge; + +** Merge with Acharya et al data; +merge m:1 fips using "$infile/acharya", force; +drop _merge; +generate sfarmprop1860_2 = real(sfarmprop1860); +drop sfarmprop1860; +rename sfarmprop1860_2 sfarmprop1860; +generate fbprop1860_2 = real(fbprop1860); +drop fbprop1860; +rename fbprop1860_2 fbprop1860; +replace fbprop1860 = fbprop1860*10000; +generate landineq1860_2 = real(landineq1860); +drop landineq1860; +rename landineq1860_2 landineq1860; + +merge m:1 fips using "$infile/voterreg_1867"; +drop _merge; +generate total_reg_1867 = black_reg_1867 + white_reg_1867; +generate blackregshare_1867 = (black_reg_1867/total_reg_1867)*100; + + +generate blackshare_current = (Black_POP/pop)*100; + + +** Calculate lynchings per capita; +generate lynchcapitamob = (lynchingmob/Black_POP_1900)*10000; +replace lynchcapitamob = (lynchingmob/Black_POP_1910)*10000 if flag_POP_1910 == 1; +replace lynchcapitamob = (lynchingmob/Black_POP_1920)*10000 if flag_POP_1920 == 1; +replace lynchcapitamob = 0 if lynchingmob == 0; + +generate lynchcapitawhite = (lynchingmobwhite/White_POP_1900)*10000; +replace lynchcapitawhite = (lynchingmobwhite/White_POP_1910)*10000 if wflag_POP_1910 == 1; +replace lynchcapitawhite = (lynchingmobwhite/White_POP_1920)*10000 if wflag_POP_1920 == 1; +replace lynchcapitawhite = 0 if lynchingmobwhite == 0; + + +generate lynchcapitasteve = (lynch_steve/Black_POP_1900)*10000; +replace lynchcapitasteve = (lynch_steve/Black_POP_1910)*10000 if flag_POP_1910 == 1; +replace lynchcapitasteve = (lynch_steve/Black_POP_1920)*10000 if flag_POP_1920 == 1; +replace lynchcapitasteve = 0 if lynch_steve == 0; + + +** Create robust to denominator variables; +* 1910; +generate lynchcapitamob1910 = (lynchingmob/Black_POP_1910)*10000; +replace lynchcapitamob1910 = 0 if lynchingmob == 0; +replace lynchcapitamob1910 = (lynchingmob/Black_POP_1920)*10000 if flag_POP_1920 == 1; +* 1920; +generate lynchcapitamob1920 = (lynchingmob/Black_POP_1920)*10000; +replace lynchcapitamob1920 = 0 if lynchingmob == 0; +* 1930; +generate lynchcapitamob1930 = (lynchingmob/Black_POP_1930)*10000; +replace lynchcapitamob1930 = 0 if lynchingmob == 0; + + +** Global variables; +global ylist_blackturnout Black_turnoutreg; +global ylist_whiteturnout White_turnoutreg; +global ylist_black Blackrate_regvoters; +global ylist_white Whiterate_regvoters; + + +global historical c.Black_share_illiterate c.initial c.newscapita c.farmvalue c.sfarmprop1860 c.landineq1860 c.fbprop1860; +global cont_black c.Black_beyondhs c.Black_avgage c.Black_Earnings c.share_maritalblacks; +global cont_white c.White_beyondhs c.White_avgage c.White_Earnings c.share_maritalwhites; + +regress $ylist_black lynchcapitamob c.incarceration_2010 c.pollscapita c.share_slaves $historical $cont_black i.State_FIPS i.Election, cluster(fips); + +collapse (mean) Blackrate_regvoters Whiterate_regvoters lynchcapitamob lynchingmob Black_POP_1900 incarceration_2010 share_slaves Black_Earnings White_Earnings blackmemrate register_black register_white lynchcapitawhite pop Black_beyondhs White_beyondhs Black_avgage White_avgage share_maritalblacks share_maritalwhites County_FIPS State_FIPS blackshare_current shareblack pollscapita Black_share_illiterate White_share_illiterate initial newscapita farmvalue sfarmprop1860 landineq1860 fbprop1860 state flag_POP_1920 lynchcapitasteve lynchcapitamob1910 lynchcapitamob1920 lynchcapitamob1930, by(fips County State); + + +** Add labels; +label variable register_white "Voter registration white"; +label variable register_black "Voter registration black"; +label variable State_FIPS "State Fips"; +label variable County_FIPS "County Fips"; +label variable Blackrate_regvoters "Black registered voters"; +label variable Whiterate_regvoters "White registered voters"; +label variable pop "Population"; +label variable shareblack "Voting age blacks (per 10k pop)"; +label variable lynchingmob "Black lynchings"; +label variable Black_POP_1900 "Black population in 1900"; +label variable Black_beyondhs "Some college experience or more of blacks"; +label variable White_beyondhs "Proportion of whites w/ at least some college experience"; +label variable Black_avgage "Median age of blacks"; +label variable White_avgage "Median age of whites"; +label variable Black_Earnings "Monthly earnings of blacks"; +label variable White_Earnings "Monthly earnings of whites"; +label variable newscapita "Average newspapers rate"; +label variable initial "County formation"; +label variable share_maritalblacks "Black share married"; +label variable share_maritalwhites "White share married"; +label variable Black_share_illiterate "Proportion of black illiterate men in 1910"; +label variable White_share_illiterate "Proportion of white illiterate men in 1910"; +label variable share_slaves "Slaves in 1860 (per 10k pop)"; +label variable blackmemrate "Black church member rate in 2010"; +label variable lynchcapitamob "Black lynching rate"; +label variable lynchcapitawhite "White lynching rate"; +label variable incarceration_2010 "Incarceration rate of blacks (per 10k pop)"; +label variable pollscapita "Polling place rate (per 10k pop)"; +label variable blackmemrate "Black church member rate"; +label variable farmvalue "Average farm value in 1860"; +label variable sfarmprop1860 "Proportion of small farms in 1860"; +label variable landineq1860 "Inequality of farmland in 1860"; +label variable fbprop1860 "Proportion of free blacks in 1860"; +label variable lynchcapitasteve "Black lynching rate (EJI)"; +label variable lynchcapitamob1910 "Black lynching rate (in 1910)"; +label variable lynchcapitamob1920 "Black lynching rate (in 1920)"; +label variable lynchcapitamob1930 "Black lynching rate (in 1930)"; + +** Keep sample with controls; +regress $ylist_black lynchcapitamob c.incarceration_2010 c.pollscapita $historical $cont_black i.state; +generate sample = e(sample); + + +** Restrict data to sample with all controls included to be used throughout analysis; +keep if sample == 1; +drop sample; + +save "$infile2/maindata", replace; + diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Results_inpaper/Historicalregvot.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Results_inpaper/Historicalregvot.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c435df9c6d116a33e445dbfe3fd4cd0d95e0625d --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Results_inpaper/Historicalregvot.do @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +clear + + +global infile = "Input_data"; +global outfile = "Latex_files"; + + +#delimit; +use "$infile/historicalreg"; +regress lynchcapitamob shareblackvoter_1867 blackshare_1860 i.state; +estimates store c1; + +label variable shareblackvoter_1867 "Percentage of black registered voters in 1867 and 1868"; +label variable blackshare_1860 "Percentage of black residents in 1860"; + +** Table B1 lynching rate and black registered voters in 1867; +esttab c1 using "$outfile/historicalreg.tex", keep(shareblackvoter_1867 blackshare_1860) order(shareblackvoter_1867 blackshare_1860) +nonum indicate("State Fixed Effects = *.state") +mlabels((1)) +mgroups("Black lynching rate", pattern(1 0 0 0) prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(}) span) +nomtitles collabels(none) varlabels(_cons "Constant") label cells(b(fmt(3)) se(par(`"("'`")"') fmt(3))) +stats(N r2, labels("Number of observations" "R-Squared") fmt(%11.0gc %9.3f)) replace; + +** Figure 1 lynching rate and black registered voters in 1867; +binscatter lynchcapitamob shareblackvoter_1867, controls(blackshare_1860) graphregion(color(white)) bgcolor(white) +ytitle("Black lynching rate") xtitle("Percentage of black registered voters") absorb(state); +graph export "$outfile/historicalreg.eps", as(eps) preview(off) replace; diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Results_inpaper/Maindo.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Results_inpaper/Maindo.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c4397f04eaa590f52cda2bd54f2c67a3b195d07f --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Results_inpaper/Maindo.do @@ -0,0 +1,234 @@ +clear all + +#delimit; + +** Main data can be used to create Figures 5, 6, 7 Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, and Appendix Tables B2, B3, B4, B5; +global infile = "Analysis_data"; +global outfile = "Latex_files"; + + +use "$infile/maindata"; + + +** Declare global variables; +global ylist_black Blackrate_regvoters; +global ylist_white Whiterate_regvoters; +global historical c.Black_share_illiterate c.initial c.newscapita c.farmvalue c.sfarmprop1860 c.landineq1860 c.fbprop1860; +global cont_black c.Black_beyondhs c.Black_avgage c.Black_Earnings c.share_maritalblacks; +global cont_white c.White_beyondhs c.White_avgage c.White_Earnings c.share_maritalwhites; + + +** Table 1: Descriptive Statistics; +estpost sum Blackrate_regvoters Whiterate_regvoters +lynchingmob lynchcapitamob Black_POP_1900 farmvalue sfarmprop1860 landineq1860 fbprop1860 newscapita initial share_slaves Black_share_illiterate +Black_beyondhs Black_Earnings blackmemrate incarceration_2010 pollscapita ; +esttab using "$outfile/stats.tex", label cells("mean(fmt(3)) sd(fmt(3)) min(fmt(3)) max(fmt(3)) count(fmt(0))") noobs replace; + + +** Figure 5 with no controls; +binscatter $ylist_black lynchcapitamob, absorb(State_FIPS) graphregion(color(white)) bgcolor(white) +ytitle("Percentage of black registered voters") xtitle("Black lynching rate") title("No Controls"); +graph save "$outfile/nocontrols.gph", replace; + +** Figure 5 with historical controls; +binscatter $ylist_black lynchcapitamob, controls($historical) absorb(State_FIPS) graphregion(color(white)) bgcolor(white) +ytitle("Percentage of black registered voters") xtitle("Black lynching rate") title("Historical Controls"); +graph save "$outfile/historical.gph", replace; + +** Figure 5 that shows lynchings and voter reg with no controls and historical controls; +graph combine "$outfile/nocontrols.gph" "$outfile/historical.gph", xcommon ycommon graphregion(color(white)) cols(3) plotregion(style(none)); +graph export "$outfile/baseline.eps", as(eps) preview(off) replace; + + + +**************************************** ROBUSTNESS CHECKS ****************************************; +** Table 2: Falsification exercises; +regress $ylist_black lynchcapitamob $historical i.State_FIPS; +estimates store b1; +regress $ylist_black lynchcapitawhite $historical i.State_FIPS; +estimates store b2; +regress $ylist_white lynchcapitamob $historical i.State_FIPS; +estimates store w1; +regress $ylist_white lynchcapitawhite $historical i.State_FIPS; +estimates store w2; + +esttab b1 b2 w1 w2 using "$outfile/falsifications.tex", keep(lynchcapitamob lynchcapitawhite) order(lynchcapitamob lynchcapitawhite) +nonum indicate("Historical Controls = newscapita" "State Fixed Effects = *.State_FIPS") +mlabels((1) (2) (3) (4)) +mgroups("\makecell{Black Voter\\Registration Rate}" "\makecell{White Voter\\Registration Rate}", pattern(1 0 1 0) prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(}) span) +nomtitles collabels(none) varlabels(_cons "Constant") label cells(b(fmt(3)) se(par(`"("'`")"') fmt(3))) +stats(N r2, labels("\# of counties" "R-Squared") fmt(%11.0gc %9.3f)) replace; + + + + +** Table 3: Baseline and slavery as a control; +regress $ylist_black lynchcapitamob $historical i.State_FIPS; +estimates store s1; +regress $ylist_black lynchcapitamob share_slaves $historical i.State_FIPS; +estimates store s2; + + +esttab s1 s2 using "$outfile/slaves.tex", keep(lynchcapitamob share_slaves) order(lynchcapitamob share_slaves) +nonum indicate("Historical Controls = newscapita" "State Fixed Effects = *.State_FIPS") +mlabels((1) (2)) nomtitles collabels(none) varlabels(_cons "Constant") label cells(b(fmt(3)) se(par(`"("'`")"') fmt(3))) mgroups("\makecell{Black Voter\\Registration Rate}", pattern(1 0 1 0) prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(}) span) +stats(N r2, labels("\# of counties" "R-Squared") fmt(%11.0gc %9.3f)) replace; + +** Rescale shareslaves for Figures 6 and 7; +generate share_slaves2 = share_slaves/10000; +** Figure 6; +twoway scatter shareblack share_slaves2, ytitle("Voting age blacks (per 10k pop)") xtitle("Share of Slaves"); +graph export "$outfile/scatblackslaves.eps", as(eps) preview(off) replace; + +** Figure 7; +binscatter shareblack share_slaves2, ytitle("Voting age blacks (per 10k pop)") +xtitle("Share of Slaves") absorb(State_FIPS); +gr export "$outfile/binblackslaves.eps", as(eps) preview(off) replace; + + + +** Table 4: Registered black voters and lynching rate with share slaves and share blacks; +regress register_black lynchcapitamob c.share_slaves shareblack $historical i.State_FIPS; +estimates store r1; + +esttab r1 using "$outfile/regblack.tex", keep(lynchcapitamob share_slaves shareblack) +order(lynchcapitamob share_slaves shareblack) +nonum indicate("Historical Controls = newscapita" "State Fixed Effects = *.State_FIPS") +mgroups("\makecell{Number of Black\\Registered Voters}", pattern(1 0 0 0) prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(}) span) nomtitles collabels(none) varlabels(_cons "Constant") label cells(b(fmt(3)) se(par(`"("'`")"') fmt(3))) +stats(N r2, labels("\# of counties" "R-Squared") fmt(%11.0gc %9.3f)) replace; + + + +** Table 5: Black registration and lynching rate with comtemporary controls; +regress $ylist_black lynchcapitamob Black_beyondhs $historical i.State_FIPS; +estimates store t1; +regress $ylist_black lynchcapitamob Black_Earnings $historical i.State_FIPS; +estimates store t2; +regress $ylist_black lynchcapitamob c.incarceration_2010 $historical i.State_FIPS; +estimates store t3; +regress $ylist_black lynchcapitamob c.pollscapita $historical i.State_FIPS; +estimates store t4; +regress $ylist_black lynchcapitamob c.incarceration_2010 c.pollscapita $historical $cont_black i.State_FIPS; +estimates store t5; + +preserve; +label variable Black_beyondhs "\makecell[l]{Some college exp.\\or more of blacks}"; +label variable Black_Earnings "\makecell[l]{Monthly earnings\\of blacks}"; +label variable incarceration_2010 "\makecell[l]{Incarceration rate\\of blacks\\(per 10k pop)}"; +label variable pollscapita "\makecell[l]{Polling place rate\\(per 10k pop)}"; + + +esttab t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 using "$outfile/lynchmob.tex", keep(lynchcapitamob incarceration_2010 pollscapita +Black_beyondhs Black_Earnings) order(lynchcapitamob Black_beyondhs Black_Earnings incarceration_2010 pollscapita) nonum indicate("Historical Controls = newscapita" "State Fixed Effects = *.State_FIPS") +mlabels((1) (2) (3) (4) (5)) mgroups("\makecell{Black Voter\\Registration Rate}", pattern(1 0 0 0) prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(}) span) +nomtitles collabels(none) varlabels(_cons "Constant") label cells(b(fmt(3)) se(par(`"("'`")"') fmt(3))) +stats(N r2, labels("\# of counties " "R-Squared") fmt(%11.0gc %9.3f)) replace; +restore; + + +** Table 8: Heterogenous effects; +generate log_bearnings = log(Black_Earnings); +generate perBlack_beyondhs = (Black_beyondhs)*100; + +** Rescale lynching variable so that coefficients aren't 0.000; +generate lynchcapitamob2 = lynchcapitamob/10; +label variable log_bearnings "Log monthly earnings of blacks"; +label variable lynchcapitamob2 "Black lynching rate"; + +regress $ylist_black c.lynchcapitamob2#c.perBlack_beyondhs lynchcapitamob2 $historical i.State_FIPS; +estimates store Education; + +regress $ylist_black c.lynchcapitamob2#c.Black_Earnings lynchcapitamob2 $historical i.State_FIPS; +estimates store Earnings; + +regress $ylist_black c.lynchcapitamob2#c.blackmemrate lynchcapitamob2 $historical i.State_FIPS; +estimates store Blackchurches; + +esttab Education Earnings Blackchurches using "$outfile/persistence.tex", +keep(c.lynchcapitamob2#c.perBlack_beyondhs c.lynchcapitamob2#c.Black_Earnings c.lynchcapitamob2#c.blackmemrate lynchcapitamob2) +order(c.lynchcapitamob2#c.perBlack_beyondhs c.lynchcapitamob2#c.Black_Earnings c.lynchcapitamob2#c.blackmemrate lynchcapitamob2) +indicate("Historical Controls = newscapita" "State Fixed Effects = *.State_FIPS") +mlabels((1) (2) (3)) mgroups("\makecell{Black Voter\\Registration Rate}", pattern(1 0 0 0) prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(}) span) +nomtitles collabels(none) varlabels(_cons "Constant" c.lynchcapitamob2#c.perBlack_beyondhs "\makecell[l]{Black lynching rate*\\Some college experience of blacks}" c.lynchcapitamob2#c.Black_Earnings "\makecell[l]{Black lynching rate*\\Monthly earnings of blacks}" c.lynchcapitamob2#c.blackmemrate "\makecell[l]{Black lynching rate*\\Black member rate in 2010}") label cells(b(fmt(3)) se(par(`"("'`")"') fmt(3))) nonum stats(N r2, labels("\# of counties" "R-Squared") fmt(%11.0gc %9.3f)) replace; + + + + +**************************************** APPENDIX TABLES ****************************************; + +** Table B2: Lynching rate in using 1910, 1920, and 1930 black population; +regress $ylist_black lynchcapitamob1910 $historical i.State_FIPS; +estimates store y1; +regress $ylist_black lynchcapitamob1920 $historical i.State_FIPS; +estimates store y2; +regress $ylist_black lynchcapitamob1930 $historical i.State_FIPS; +estimates store y3; + +esttab y1 y2 y3 using "$outfile/denominator.tex", keep(lynchcapitamob1910 lynchcapitamob1920 lynchcapitamob1930) +order(lynchcapitamob1910 lynchcapitamob1920 lynchcapitamob1930) +nonum indicate("Historical Controls = newscapita" "State Fixed Effects = *.State_FIPS") +mlabels((1) (2) (3)) mgroups("\makecell{Black Voter\\Registration Rate}", pattern(1 0 0 0) prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(}) span) +nomtitles collabels(none) varlabels(_cons "Constant") label cells(b(fmt(3)) se(par(`"("'`")"') fmt(3))) +stats(N r2, labels("\# of counties" "R-Squared") fmt(%11.0gc %9.3f)) replace; + + + +** Table B4: Lynching rate from Stevenson's data; +regress $ylist_black lynchcapitasteve $historical i.State_FIPS; +estimates store s1; + + +esttab s1 using "$outfile/stevenson.tex", keep(lynchcapitasteve) order(lynchcapitasteve) +nonum indicate("Historical Controls = newscapita" "State Fixed Effects = *.State_FIPS") +mlabels((1)) mgroups("\makecell{Black Voter\\Registration Rate}", pattern(1 0 0 0) prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(}) span) +nomtitles collabels(none) varlabels(_cons "Constant") label cells(b(fmt(3)) se(par(`"("'`")"') fmt(3))) +stats(N r2, labels("\# of counties" "R-Squared") fmt(%11.0gc %9.3f)) replace; + + + +** Table B5: Selection on Observables to Access the Bias from Unobservables; +** Selection on observables; +** No controls; +regress $ylist_black lynchcapitamob i.State_FIPS; +scalar r1 = _b[lynchcapitamob]; + +** Contemporary controls; +regress $ylist_black lynchcapitamob $cont_black i.State_FIPS; +scalar r2 = _b[lynchcapitamob]; + +** Baseline; +regress $ylist_black lynchcapitamob $historical i.State_FIPS; +scalar f1 = _b[lynchcapitamob]; + +** Full set of controls; +regress $ylist_black lynchcapitamob c.incarceration_2010 c.pollscapita $historical $cont_black i.State_FIPS; +scalar f2 = _b[lynchcapitamob]; + +psacalc beta lynchcapitamob; + +** Compute ratios: beta^f/(beta^r-beta^f); +** Restricted = no controls & Full = baseline; +display f1/(r1-f1); + + +** Restricted = no controls & Full = confounders (contemporary); +display f2/(r1-f2); + +** Restricted = contemporary & Full = baseline; +display f1/(r2-f1); + +** Restricted = contemporary & Full = confounders; +display f2/(r2-f2); + + +** Table: B3: Convert lynching rates larger than 100 to 100 and use reg that are less than 100; +replace Blackrate_regvoters = 100 if Blackrate_regvoters > 100 & Blackrate_regvoters !=.; +regress Blackrate_regvoters lynchcapitamob $historical i.State_FIPS; +estimates store s1; +regress Blackrate_regvoters lynchcapitamob $historical i.State_FIPS if Blackrate_regvoters < 100; +estimates store s2; + +esttab s1 s2 using "$outfile/regconveted.tex", keep(lynchcapitamob ) order(lynchcapitamob) nonum indicate("Historical Controls = newscapita" "State Fixed Effects = *.State_FIPS") +mlabels("Black reg converted to 100" "Black reg less than 100") mgroups("\makecell{Black Voter\\Registration Rate}", pattern(1 0 0 0) prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(}) span) +nomtitles collabels(none) varlabels(_cons "Constant") label cells(b(fmt(3)) se(par(`"("'`")"') fmt(3))) +stats(N r2, labels("\# of counties" "R-Squared") fmt(%11.0gc %9.3f)) replace; diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Results_inpaper/Migration.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Results_inpaper/Migration.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..48e8efb0fba61eeec23b7683d0e8e860eb78a5ea --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Results_inpaper/Migration.do @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +clear all + +#delimit; + +** Note: This do file will produce Table 6; +global infile = "Input_data"; +global infile2 = "Analysis_data"; +global outfile = "Latex_files"; + + +use "$infile/migrationrace"; + +** Recode to missing using IPUMS codes; +replace migplac5 = . if migplac5 == 000 | migplac5 == 999; +replace educ = . if educ == 00 | educ == 99; +replace nativity = . if nativity == 0; +replace bpl = . if bpl == 950 | bpl == 990; +replace statefip = . if statefip == 99; +replace rent = . if rent == 0000|rent == 9997|rent == 9998|rent == 9999; +replace incwage = . if incwage == 999998| incwage == 999999; +replace wkswork1 = . if wkswork1 == 0; +rename statefip State_FIPS; +generate fipsICP = State_FIPS*10000 +county; + + +generate confederate40 = .; +replace confederate40 = 1 if State_FIPS == 01|State_FIPS == 12|State_FIPS == 13|State_FIPS == 22|State_FIPS == 37|State_FIPS == 45; +replace confederate40 = 0 if State_FIPS != 01&State_FIPS != 12&State_FIPS != 13&State_FIPS != 22&State_FIPS != 37&State_FIPS != 45; +generate confederate35 = .; +replace confederate35 = 1 if migplac5 == 01|migplac5 == 12|migplac5 == 13|migplac5 == 22|migplac5 == 37|migplac5 == 45; +replace confederate35 = 0 if migplac5 != 01&migplac5 != 12&migplac5 != 13&migplac5 != 22&migplac5 != 37&migplac5 != 45; + + +generate outmigrant = 1 if confederate35 == 1 & confederate40 == 0 & migcounty != 9999; +replace outmigrant = 0 if confederate35 == 1 & confederate40 == 1 & migcounty != 9999; + + +** Make educ an binary variable; +generate educcollapsed = .; +replace educcollapsed = 1 if educ == 3|educ == 4|educ == 5|educ == 6|educ == 7|educ == 8|educ == 9|educ == 10|educ == 11; +replace educcollapsed = 0 if educ == 1|educ == 2; + +generate female = .; +replace female = 1 if sex == 2; +replace female = 0 if sex == 1; + +generate fulltime = .; +replace fulltime = 0 if wkswork1 < 40; +replace fulltime = 1 if wkswork1 >= 40; + + +egen state = group(State); +generate ln_wage = ln(incwage); + + +** Match streets to the fipsICP code 5 years earlier; +** Note: Less than or equal to 56 since the last state's code is 56; +generate migfipsICP = migplac5*10000 + migcounty if migplac5 <=56 & migcounty!=9999; + + +** Drop outmigrant if missing since I have over 12 million observations; +drop if outmigrant == .; +** Note: It is an m:m merge because Hawaii has multiple migfipsICP codes for different County but Hawaii isn't needed for analysis; +merge m:m migfipsICP using "$infile/migICPcodes"; +drop _merge; + + +merge m:1 County State using "$infile2/maindata"; +drop _merge; + +** Analysis for outmigrants; + +global historical c.Black_share_illiterate c.initial c.newscapita c.farmvalue c.sfarmprop1860 c.landineq1860 c.fbprop1860; +* Income; +regress ln_wage i.outmigrant##c.lynchcapitamob $historical i.migplac5 [pweight = perwt], cluster(migplac5); +estimates store logwage; +* Age; +regress age i.outmigrant##c.lynchcapitamob $historical i.migplac5 [pweight = perwt], cluster(migplac5); +estimates store age; +* Female dummy; +regress female i.outmigrant##c.lynchcapitamob $historical i.migplac5 [pweight = perwt], cluster(migplac5); +estimates store female; +* Education dummy (more than high school); +regress educcollapsed i.outmigrant##c.lynchcapitamob $historical i.migplac5 [pweight = perwt], cluster(migplac5); +estimates store education; +* Full-time dummy; +regress fulltime i.outmigrant##c.lynchcapitamob $historical i.migplac5 [pweight = perwt], cluster(migplac5); +estimates store fulltime; +* Rent; +regress rent i.outmigrant##c.lynchcapitamob $historical i.migplac5 [pweight = perwt], cluster(migplac5); +estimates store rent; + +label variable lynchcapitamob "Black lynching rate"; +label variable outmigrant "Outmigrant"; + +*Table 6; +esttab logwage age female education fulltime rent using "$outfile/Iners14.tex", keep(1.outmigrant#c.lynchcapitamob 1.outmigrant lynchcapitamob) +order(1.outmigrant#c.lynchcapitamob 1.outmigrant lynchcapitamob) +indicate("Historical Controls = newscapita" "State Fixed Effects = *.migplac5") +mlabels(Log(wage) Age Female Ninth-grade Full-time Rent, lhs("\makecell[l]{Out-Migrants vs.\\Stayers}")) +nomtitles collabels(none) varlabels(_cons "Constant" 1.outmigrant "Outmigrant" 1.outmigrant#c.lynchcapitamob "\makecell[l]{Black lynching rate*\\Outmigrant Status}") +label cells(b(fmt(3)) se(par(`"("'`")"') fmt(3))) stats(N r2, labels("\# of observations" "R-Squared") +fmt(%11.0gc %9.3f)) replace; diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Results_inpaper/Pollinglocations.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Results_inpaper/Pollinglocations.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..177ffdb9e3f121d096bf5404574365f5bb783356 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Results_inpaper/Pollinglocations.do @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ + +clear + +#delimit; + +global infile = "Input_data"; +global outfile = "Latex_files"; + +use "$infile/polllocation"; + + +regress Sum_Count c.shareblack_tract##c.lynchcapitamob popdensity i.State_FIPS, cluster(County); +estimates store sum1; + +** Table 7: Merge with polling location data; +esttab sum1 using "$outfile/tract.tex", nonum indicate("State Fixed Effects = *.State_FIPS") +mlabels((1)) mgroups("Polling Locations", pattern(1 0 0 0) prefix(\multicolumn{@span}{c}{) suffix(}) span) +nomtitles collabels(none) varlabels(_cons "Constant" c.shareblack_tract##c.lynchcapitamob "Proportion of Blacks*Black lynching rate") label +cells(b(fmt(3)) se(par(`"("'`")"') fmt(3))) +stats(N r2, labels("Number of observations" "R-Squared") fmt(%11.0gc %9.3f)) replace; diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Results_inpaper/Proact.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Results_inpaper/Proact.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..19eba9bc070993a78a5b62dc979ddd9c3a5c05dc --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Results_inpaper/Proact.do @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +clear + +#delimit; + + +*** CLEANING FILE and RESULTS FILE ***; +** Input file: proact_reg_temp; + +global infile = "Input_data"; +global infile2 = "Analysis_data"; +global outfile = "Latex_files"; + + +use "$infile/proact_reg_temp"; + +generate Black_regpreact = pre_act_nonwhite/vote_age_nonwhite*100; +generate White_regpreact = pre_act_white/vote_age_white*100; +generate White_regpostact = post_act_white/vote_age_white*100; +generate Black_regpostact = post_act_nonwhite/vote_age_nonwhite*100; + +generate total_vote = vote_age_nonwhite + vote_age_white; +generate sharenonwhite = vote_age_nonwhite/total_vote; + +merge 1:1 fips using "$infile2/lynchallstates"; +drop _merge; + +** Figure 4; +** Pre Act results; +binscatter Black_regpreact lynchcapitamob, controls(sharenonwhite) absorb(State_FIPS) graphregion(color(white)) bgcolor(white) +ytitle("Percentage of black registered voters") xtitle("Black lynching rate") title("Pre-Act"); +graph save "$outfile/regpreact.gph", replace; + +** Post Act results; +binscatter Black_regpostact lynchcapitamob, controls(sharenonwhite) absorb(State_FIPS) graphregion(color(white)) bgcolor(white) +ytitle("Percentage of black registered voters") xtitle("Black lynching rate") title("Post-Act"); +graph save "$outfile/regpostact.gph", replace; + +graph combine "$outfile/regpreact.gph" "$outfile/regpostact.gph", xcommon ycommon graphregion(color(white)); +graph export "$outfile/proact.eps", as(eps) preview(off) replace; + diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Results_inpaper/Southernfocus.do b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Results_inpaper/Southernfocus.do new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b8223a57a4a80bf5c47899ae398bd27102e98207 --- /dev/null +++ b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/Results_inpaper/Southernfocus.do @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +clear all + + +#delimit; + + +** Input data file: sfp93 from the Southern Focus Poll; + +global infile = "Analysis_data"; +global outfile = "Latex_files"; + + +use "$infile/sfp93"; + +** Merge with lynchingallstates and POP 1900/1910/1920 data to create lynching rate for all; +merge m:1 fips using "$infile/lynchallstates"; +drop _merge; + + +** Black non-Hispanic; +regress pat lynchcapitamob i.State_FIPS [pweight = TOTWT] if (RACE == 2 & HISPANIC == 2); +estimates store r1; +** White non-Hispanic; +regress pat lynchcapitamob i.State_FIPS [pweight = TOTWT] if (RACE == 1 & HISPANIC == 2); +estimates store r2; + +** Figure 11; +coefplot r1 || r2, vertical legend(off) ciopts(recast(rcap)) bycoefs byopts(yrescale) +xlabel(1 "Blacks" 2 "Whites") keep(lynchcapitamob) yline(0) graphregion(color(white)) bgcolor(white) +title("Patriotism Important to Parents") subtitle("controlling for lynching rates"); +gr export "$outfile\racepat.eps", as(eps) preview(off) replace; diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/regpostact.gph b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/regpostact.gph new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4149467674c9c40c278f89c3cd68b8fe3910c451 Binary files /dev/null and b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/regpostact.gph differ diff --git a/33/replication_package/Williams_files/regpreact.gph b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/regpreact.gph new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f866a8603c8394c0b3d709f142d158b3af1cdfd3 Binary files /dev/null and b/33/replication_package/Williams_files/regpreact.gph differ diff --git a/33/should_reproduce.txt b/33/should_reproduce.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c5a0695f115780179bcbf5b09d7469a0588e0e7b --- /dev/null +++ b/33/should_reproduce.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:08bb9259876a457571be858fe24f083b64b768011b1889a778c811fe0993dce3 +size 28